窮山惡水為何是美的？

在環境美學中，有幾種鑑賞環境的模式，但是這些模式大部分著重在引起感官愉悅的美感上，在「自然全美」的觀點下，窮山惡水是美的，但它們卻無法引起感官愉悅，要如鑑賞這樣的環境便成爲一個問題。有兩種基本的觀點可以說明。首先，Arnold Berleant爲必須全身心的投入並如實的描述當下的感覺，而非思考是否引起愉悅，如果專注在愉悅，我們將只鑑賞「美景」而非自然景觀或是環境，因此認爲這種令人厭惡的景觀不美，乃是以部分的感官知覺取代了整體的感官知覺，使得愉悅引導追求喜愛忽視討厭的景觀。再者，Allen Carson認爲必須藉由自然的本性來鑑賞環境，而非日常生活經驗。自然科學知識和工具有助於將粗糙的經驗整合成「適當」的審美經驗，並且由巨觀到微觀擴展審美經驗的範圍，將環境共同體中的所有成員的活動描述出來，突顯其生命價值。但這些並不足夠，在對自然本性的認識不足和缺乏某些自然科學知識，何種審美經驗是「適當」的並不清楚。而且將自然科學知識帶入審美經驗具有某些目的，這些目的將影響審美經驗的普遍性。對於如實地描述當下經驗的看法也是可疑的，感官也許接收到訊息，但是知覺可能沒有辨認出來，如果在無法如時描述而又缺乏某些自然科學知識的情況下，窮山惡水仍然是不美的。

關鍵字

環境美學；參與模式；自然環境模式；窮山惡水

並列摘要

After tracking the opinions of Arnold Berleant and Allen Carson, this paper suggests that insufficient to know the essence of nature and lack of some nature science knowledge, what kind of beauty experience ”appropriate” is a question. Besides, there are aims for taking nature science knowledge into beauty experience; these aims influence the universality of beauty experience. Last, it is doubtful about accurately describing our whole feelings, organ may receive data, but consciousness may not perceive. If we cannot describe our whole feelings accurately and lack of some nature science knowledge, the barren mountains and unruly rivers are still not beauty. In Environmental Aesthetics, there are some modes to appreciate our living environment. Most of them focus on the beauty that interested by pleasure. According to the concept ”nature whole is beauty,” the barren mountains and unruly rivers are beauty, but they cannot interested by pleasure, how shall we appreciate these unwholesome view?