天台三觀與華嚴三觀

在中國佛教中，擅長於理論建構的兩大宗派－天台宗、華嚴宗，其本身於觀法上，皆有所謂的三觀。就天台而言，有｢空、假、中｣三觀；就華嚴而言，有｢真空、理事無礙、周遍含容｣三觀。此二者之三觀究竟有何特色？其彼此之關係又是如何？且其是否涉及對佛教諸經論之判攝？諸如此類問題，值得吾人之加以探索。基本上，就天台而言，以｢空、假、中｣三觀之辯證方式來實踐觀法，乃至對圓融三諦之論述亦不離三觀；就華嚴而言，以｢真空、理事無礙、周遍含容｣三觀之一道豎窮方式來契入法界，以及建構華嚴別教一乘之重重無盡法界緣起。因此，可得知三觀不僅於天台、華嚴之觀法上扮演著極重要的角色，且與其理論建構亦有極密切之關係。大體上而言，天台｢空、假、中｣三觀，在論證辯破上，頗具特色；華嚴｢真空、理事無礙、周遍含容｣三觀，於展開諸法緣起相由上，頗為擅長。天台以｢空、假、中｣三觀來分判四教，且以｢即空即假即中｣一心三觀來展現圓教之深廣；華嚴以｢真空、理事無礙、周遍含容｣三觀來契入法界，且以此三觀來詮釋別教一乘之義理，亦攝五教之義理。基本上，此二宗之三觀，皆具備了深廣之義，且與其判教皆有極密切之關係。因此，本論文針對此二宗之三觀來加以探討。主要分成三方面：首先，論述天台之三觀；接著，論述華嚴之三觀；最後，探討彼此三觀所具之特質。

關鍵字

天台；華嚴；三觀；一念三千；周遍含容

並列摘要

In Chinese Buddhism, the Tiantai- and Huayam-schools are famous for its sophisticated construction of systematic theory. Their methods of contemplation, includes the doctrine of the ‘Three Contemplations'. According to the Tientai, this includes Emptiness Contemplation, Provisional Positing Contemplation, and Intersubsumption Contemplation. The Huayan-doctrine embraces the three contemplations of Emptiness, the Interpenetration of Phenomenon and Principle, the Interpenetrating of all Phenomena. What are the respective characteristics of the two doctrines? What is the relationship between those two types of ”Three Contemplations”? Does the difference or relationship involve a notion of classifying the Buddhist sutras? These are questions which will be discussed in this paper.