亦禮亦俗－晚清至民國閩西四保禮生的初步分析

Ritual Specialists as Cultural Mediators: The Masters of Ceremonies (＂lisheng＂) in Late Qing and Republican Sibao, Fujian

劉永華(Yong-Hua Liu)

《歷史人類學學刊》 2卷2期 (2004/10) Pp. 53-82

摘要

近二十年來，學術界對明清時期民間文化及其與士大夫文化的關係，已經進行過不少討論。這些研究側重分析了民間習俗、信仰與儀式、面向民間的文學類型（如寶卷、聖諭廣訓、地方戲等）、士大夫對民間文化的「改革」等問題，但是，對於介於民間文化與士大夫文化之間的文化中介、中介過程及相應機制，則未給予充份重視。本文希望通過分析晚清至民國時期閩西四保禮生的文本與社會文化實踐，初步勾勒出當地文化中介的基本輪廓。文章分成四個部份。第一部份回顧學術界對禮生的研究，並介紹禮生的歷史。第二部份考察四保禮生的社會文化活動。第三部份介紹禮生的禮儀文本。最後，簡評禮生的文化中介功能，並討論文化中介研究對重構民間文化史和打通士大夫文化與民間文化關係的方法論意義。

關鍵字

福建 ； 禮生 ； 鄉村禮儀 ； 士大夫文化 ； 文化中介

並列摘要

In the past two decades, the relationship between popular culture and gentry culture during the Ming and Qing periods has drawn the attention of many scholars. They have investigated topics ranging from local customs, popular religion and ritual to gentry efforts to ＂reform＂ popular culture, and literary genres written or performed for popular audience, such as precious volumes, the ＂Sacred Edicts＂, and regional opera. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the actual mediators between popular culture and gentry culture, the mediating process, and the mechanisms that facilitate cultural mediation. This essay attempts to provide an initial analysis of cultural mediators through an inquiry into the liturgical texts and socio-cultural practices of ＂lisheng＂ (masters of ceremonies ) in Sibao in western Fujian during late Qing and Republican periods. The paper begins with a short review of recent literature on ＂lisheng＂ and offers a brief history of them. The second part explores the socio-cultural activities of ＂lisheng＂ in Sibao. In the third part, the author investigates the liturgical texts of the ＂lisheng＂. The conclusion discusses the mediating role of ＂lisheng＂ and the methodological significance that the study of cultural mediators for the reconstruction of the history of popular culture and the bridging of the gap between gentry culture and popular culture.

並列關鍵字

Fujian ； Masters of Ceremony (＂lisheng＂) ； village ritual ； gentry culture ； cultural mediation