利、害博弈與歷史恩怨－蕭山湘湖社會史的變遷軌跡

Costs-Benefit Analysis and Harmony and Resentment in History-The Trajectory of Social History of Lake Xiang, Xiaoshan County

錢杭(Hang Qian)

《歷史人類學學刊》 5卷1期 (2007/04) Pp. 1-32

摘要

湘湖史的基本問題是：在獲「水利」者與受「水害」或未充份受益者之間，不能穩定地形成建立在共贏基礎之上的互補關係，而地方政府出於對利、害的兩難選擇，在大多數情况下亦無法主動引導相關利益人群對「共同體」的存廢取向和維護原則，達致持續的共同理解。其結果，無論是公共利益還是私人權益，都不夠清晰與「合情合理」，都只能處於模糊的境界。中國基層社會中許多「民間秩序」，都在不同程度上存在與湘湖類似的問題：為了維護某一共同體整體的或主流群體的利益，是否就必然要損傷個別的或非主流群體的利益？整體的或主流群體的利益，是否天然具有淩駕於個別的或非主流群體利益之上的合理性？兩者之間能否通過必要的妥協來形成良性共存的局面？從根本上說，這些問題對於人類來說也許永遠不會有確切回答。因此之故，許多難纏的關係只得不了了之。

關鍵字

蕭山湘湖 ； 水利 ； 水害 ； 社會秩序

並列摘要

A basic problem in the history of Xianghu (Lake Xiang), Xiaoshan county, Zhejiang, has been the challenge of establishing stable, complementary and mutually beneficial relationships between those benefitting from and those harmed by water conservancy measures. The local government was generally unable to guide those affected to a common understanding aimed at the maintenance of the community. In consequence, both public welfare and private interests were never adequately explicit or ＂reasonable＂, but remained obscure. To varying degrees, a similar problem can be found in many other settings in Chinese society in history. The fundamental problem is whether, in order to project the interests of the community or the majority, it is reasonable to harm the interests of the individual or the minority? Is it reasonable that the benefits of the whole or the majority should be placed above those of the individual or the minority. Can a positive co-existence be negotiated? It is perhaps impossible ever to fully resolve this question. In consequence, difficult relationships were sometimes unavoidable.

並列關鍵字

Xianghu ； Xiaoshan county ； water conservancy ； advantages and disadvantages ； social order