苗疆的開發與地方神祗的重塑－兼與蘇堂棣討論白帝天王傳說變遷的歷史情境

The Development of the Miao Frontier and the Recasting of Local Deities: A Debate with Donald Sutton on the Historical Background to Changes in the Legends of the White Emperor Heavenly Kings

謝曉輝(Xiao-Hui Xie)

《歷史人類學學刊》 6卷1&2期 (2008/10) Pp. 111-146

摘要

苗疆改土歸流前，具有土官性質的楊氏控制鴉溪、武溪一帶，天王是其權威在神聖世界的表達。土官通過母親，建立與神聖力量／正統的聯繫。18世紀開發苗疆，地方官忽視地方敍述傳統，將天王與史籍記載聯繫起來；而地方傳說則通過楊家將，建立天王的正統性及對國家的認同；同時，這些傳說通過父姓譜系，將地方與王朝聯繫起來，天王既是神明，又是祖先。19世紀，王朝加強苗疆教化。作爲被王朝封敕的神明，其正統性獲得國家認同；對不同地方精英而言，如何建立與天王的聯繫，則成爲主要內容。19世紀早期，一些楊氏通過族譜，建立與國家／天王的聯繫，表達認同。到晚期，另一批地方精英，將地方傳説作爲主體編入方志，強調天王是地方神，祖先的角色被淡化，而這又強化了以後史籍中地方敍述的脈絡。

關鍵字

湘西 ； 白帝天王 ； 苗疆

並列摘要

Prior to the incorporation of the Miao borderlands of Western Hunan into the ordinary Qing administrative hierarchy through the replacement of native chiefs with appointed bureaucrats (gaitu guiliu), the Yaxi and Wuxi region of western Hunan was under the control of the powerful Yang family. Their ties to the Heavenly Emperors were the celestial expression of Yang authority. When the Miao frontier was first developed in the eighteenth century, local officials paid little attention to the local narrative traditions as they recorded the Heavenly Emperors in written texts. Local narratives used stories about the Yang Family Generals to assert the orthodoxy of the Heavenly Emperors and their identification with the state. At the same time, using patrilineal reckoning of descent, they tied local society to the dynasty. The Heavenly Emperors became both deities and ancestors. In the nineteenth century, the dynasty strengthened efforts to civilize and transform (jiaohua) the Miao borderlands. The orthodox status of deities that had been enfeoffed by the dynasty was recognized by the state. The issue of how to form linkages to the Heavenly Emperors now became important to various local elites. Initially, some people of Yang surname used genealogies to construct ties to the state and the Heavenly Emperors and thereby express a certain identity. In the later period, other local elites used local narratives as the basis of their records in local gazetteers, stressing the local character of the Heavenly Emperors and weakening the ancestral element in their narratives. This in turn influenced later local historical narratives.

並列關鍵字

western Hunan ； White Emperor Heavenly Kings ； Miao Frontier