祖先記憶與明清戶族－以山西聞喜為個案的分析

Ancestral Memory and Ming-Qing Lineage Households: An Analysis of Wenxi County, Shanxi

王紹欣(Shao-Xin Wang)

《歷史人類學學刊》 8卷1期 (2010/04) Pp. 5-32

摘要

明清時期民間纂修的族譜，其所記載的各種形式的祖先來歷故事有著大體相似的敘事結構：它們講述的宗族歷史的起點一般是在元末或者明初，而且始祖的事蹟往往與明朝初年的立戶入籍緊密聯繫在一起。從山西省聞喜縣明清族譜的情況來看，這種敘事結構的產生與當地明清宗族的形態有看相當直接的關聯。明清時期聞喜縣存在的宗族，大致是一種基於里甲賦役制度形成的「戶族」，其實質為一個基層社會的賦役共同體。因而，當地各個族姓對於宗族歷史的追述，僅是止於明初入籍的「戶祖」，這無形之中即造成其祖先世系「皆中絕於元明之際」的敘事格局。解讀明清族譜中這一普遍存在的敘事結構，有助於我們深入了解明清時期的宗族形態，並由此出發，對明中期以後中國社會的轉型問題展開更多探尋。

關鍵字

明清族譜 ； 祖先記憶 ； 里甲制 ； 戶祖 ； 戶族

並列摘要

Accounts of the origins of different kinds of ancestors in the popularly-compiled genealogies of the Ming-Qing period share a broadly similar narrative structure. The starting point of lineage history is typically in the late Yuan or early Ming, and the accounts of the founding ancestor often have a connection to early Ming registration into population records. Among the genealogies compiled in Ming and Qing by lineages in Wenxi county, Shanxi, the development of this narrative structure is closely connected to the local expressions of lineage in the period. The lineages that existed in Wenxi in Ming and Qing were for the most part “household lineages＂ (huzu) that formed out of the lijia corvee labor system, and their basic character was therefore that of a tax and corvee collective in local society. The lineages of the county typically trace the history of their lineage only back to the early Ming, when their ancestors were registered as ＂household lineages＂. They share a common narrative structure wherein the tracing of the line of descent is interrupted in the Yuan-Ming transition. This common narrative structure in Ming-Qing genealogies helps us better understand the forms of lineage expression in Ming-Qing, and furthermore creates new sources for our understanding of social change after the mid-Ming.

並列關鍵字

Ming-Qing genealogies ； ancestral memory ； lijia ； ancestor of the household ； lineage household