村社與宗族－明清時期中原鄉村社會組織的演變

Village and Lineage: Transformations in Village Society in the Central Plains (Zhongyuan) in Ming-Qing

李留文(Liu-Wen Li)

《歷史人類學學刊》 8卷1期 (2010/04) Pp. 89-106

摘要

里甲、村社、宗族等古代鄉村社會基層組織相互叠加、相互影響、此消彼長的過程，是理解區域社會變遷的密碼。從河南濟源看，明代的里甲制度試圖以十進位的方式實現鄉村治理，結果由於人口的遷徙和田地的流轉，里甲組織屢壞屢建，屢建屢壞。乾隆初年，官府開始借助於鄉村固有的村社組織，實行順莊法，從而確立了村社在鄉村社會組織中的核心地位。村社在成為官府賦役徵收和鄉村治理的單元後，開始借助於宗族這種民間文化資源，以宗族為核心迅速分化。裂變為若干小社後，原有的村社並沒有消失，而是以村廟為中心繼續存在，成為維繫各個宗族的紐帶，在鄉村社會文化網絡中有看舉足輕重的地位。在河南濟源這個特定的歷史空間中，國家和地方社會的互動呈現出複雜而豐富的景象。

關鍵字

里甲 ； 村社 ； 宗族 ； 中原 ； 變遷

並列摘要

Tracing the overlap and interaction between traditional organizations and institutions of local society such as the lijia village and lineage is the key to understanding the historical transformation of regional society. The evidence from Jiyuan, Henan, shows that the Ming lijia system tried to impose a decimal system to implement village governance. Because of migration and land transfers, the lijia organization went through repeated cycles of disintegration and renewal. In the early Qianlong period (1736-1799), state officials tried to reorganize villages on the basis of the preexisting organization of village altars (she), thereby establishing the central importance of these altars in rural social organization. Once the altar was established as the basic unit for state tax collection and maintaining of village order, it began to depend on the popular cultural resources of the lineage. Altars soon divided into sub- divisions based on lineages. Though divided into multiple smaller organizations, the original village altar did not disappear, but continued to exist. Centred on the village temple, it became a bond uniting different lineages, playing a crucial role in the cultural network of rural society. In the specific historical context of Jiyuan, the interaction of state and local society thus found complex and rich expression.

並列關鍵字

lijia ； village ； lineage ； Central Plains ； historical transformation