神與鬼之間：粵東海陸豐地區的義塚信仰與其演變

Between Gods and Ghosts: Cults to the Unknown Dead in Hailufeng, Eastern Guangdong, and Their Histories

志賀市子(Shiga Ichiko)

《歷史人類學學刊》 9卷2期 (2011/10) Pp. 39-64

摘要

在中國漢人的鬼神世界，無人祭祀的死者，一般視為最邊緣而最危險的鬼。但是，在粵東的海陸豐地區，掩埋無主骨骸的義塚多被視為靈驗的神明，成為老百姓的崇拜對象。這種義塚被稱為「聖人公媽」或「百姓公媽」。「公媽」是對祖先的親密稱呼。本文以筆者在海陸豐地區，田野調查收集的有關義塚信仰的資料為基礎，討論該地區的義塚信仰之諸種形態及其演變，尤其是從清末至現代，受到了反映儒家祖先觀念的善堂的盛行，道教、佛教知識的普及，天災、戰爭引起的大量死亡等因素的影響，對義塚死者的看法發生了什麼變化。

關鍵字

海陸豐地區 ； 義塚 ； 公媽 ； 善堂 ； 大峰祖師

並列摘要

In the Han Chinese understanding of the supernatural world, spirits who do not receive sacrifice, the anonymous or unknown dead, are generally seen as the most marginalized and most dangerous of ghosts. But in the Hailufeng region of eastern Guangdong, burial sites of the bones of the unknown dead are often understood as housing highly efficacious spirits, and these spirits have become objects of veneration by the common people. These graves of the unknown dead are called Sage Ancestors (＂shengren gongma＂) or People's Ancestors (＂baixing gongma＂). This paper is based on materials collected by the author in fieldwork in Hailufeng. It presents a typology of cults to the unknown dead and their historical development from late Qing to the present. The flourishing of charitable halls expressing Confucian ideas about the ancestors, the spread of knowledge of Daoism and Buddhism, and the heavy death toll due to war and natural disasters have all shaped the ways in which the unknown dead are perceived.

並列關鍵字

Hailufeng ； unknown dead ； Ancestors ； charity halls ； Dafeng Patriarch