1683年的海外視角－明香人與越南禪法的發展

An ＂Offshore＂ Perspective on 1683: Minh Huang and the Development of Chan Buddhism in Vietnam

魏常樂(Charles J. Wheeler)

《歷史人類學學刊》 10卷1期 (2012/04) Pp. 1-30

摘要

1683年是中國政治和經濟史上重要的分水嶺。這一年，清朝派遣艦隊攻打臺灣，致力於復興明室的鄭氏正式投降。從大陸的角度看，1683年的影響可能不太明顯；但從海外看，這一年的影響其實遠遠超出了中國政治和經濟史的範圍外，在時空上影響深遠。本文透過元韶禪師和明遺民的故事，闡述1683年的跨海深遠影響。通過分析越洋商人和僧人活動的跨海社會場域，有助我們明白一個貿易集團（明鄭王朝）的瓦解如何協助另一個貿易集團（越南廣南國）向外擴張，並推動商人和僧人合作，將中國沿海城市的佛教宗派流佈到海外。而佛教設置，正是當中的關鍵。

關鍵字

明香社人 ； 元韶超白 ； 貿易與宗教 ； 越南 ； 廣南國

並列摘要

1683 marks a watershed date in Chinese political and economic history. In that year, the Qing Dynasty sent an armada against the island of Taiwan and forced the surrender of loyalists who had fought in vain to resurrect the Ming house that Qing armies had destroyed almost forty years before. Meanwhile across the sea, a different story unfolded. A Chinese Chan (Zen) master who the Vietnamese call Nguyên Thiêu arrived at the court of the Cochinchina (or Ðàng Trong), which like its defeated Taiwanese counterpart had risen from obscurity to become a wealthy sea trading state. At the same time, a fleet of Ming loyalists sailors, soldiers and traders-anchored near the capital and submitted themselves to the Cochinchinese court as vassals of the Vietnamese lord. This, then, marks an important year for different people in disparate places across the sea. In this article, master Nguyên Thiêu and the Ming loyalists are used to illustrate 1683's long-term and wide-ranging impact. By identifying the larger ＂social field of the sea＂ in which they operated, we can begin to see how the collapse of one trading empire, the Ming loyalist regime under the Zheng clan, invigorated the expansion of another trading empire, and encouraged a merchant- monastic alliance that projected monastic lineages based in Chinese port cities across the Asian maritime.

並列關鍵字

Minh H□□ng ； Nguyên Thiêu-Siêu B□ch ； trade and religion ； Vietnam ； Ðàng Trong (Guangnan Guo)