「邊防三老」－清末民初南段滇緬邊疆上的國家代理人

＂The Three Elders of Frontier Defense＂: State Agents and the Formation of the Yunnan-Burma Frontier in Late Qing and Early Republic

馬健雄(Jian-Xiong Ma)

《歷史人類學學刊》 10卷1期 (2012/04) Pp. 87-122

摘要

明、清主朝持績將「府、州、縣」體制向雲南西南部推進的過程，在1880年代與東南亞的殖民地化遭遇。邊疆族群關係和政治秩序的轉變需要配合國家體制的轉變，地方民眾更需要因應緬甸的殖民地化，調整和改變其長久維持的農業生產方式，參與市場經濟。在中緬、中老劃界過程中，原先族群關係糾葛、地理邊界模糊的邊疆領域，也在國家及其代理人的推動下納入到民國的體制中。這一過程與民族國家觀念和民族主義的興起相呼應，邊疆族群政治因而成為近代中國民族主義的另一類策源地與國家轉變的中心。這一轉變輿彭錕、石玉清、柯樹勳為代表的地方勢力所扮演的國家代理人角色是分不開的，他們不但參與了民族國家的建構，亦成為促成邊界錢與新的邊疆社會關係形成的重要社會力量。

關鍵字

民族主義 ； 滇系軍閥 ； 拉祜族 ； 佤族 ； 西雙版納

並列摘要

Peng Kun, Shi Yuqing, and Ke Shuxun were awarded the title of ＂three Elders of Frontier Defense＂ by the Yunnan provincial government and were well known by native people for their crucial role in the formation of the Yunnan- Burma frontier from the 1870s the 1940s. The Peng family established Shuangjiang County out of the earlier ＂Five Buddha districts＂ system, which was controlled by the indigenous Lahu (Luohei) people. The Shi family weaved a marriage network with other powerful families and acted as their representatives to control local opium markets and trade with trades in the Wa Mountains. The Ke family implemented a political reform known as ＂dual govemance by chieftains and officials＂ in Sipsongpanna, south of the Lahu and the Wa Mountains. These three powerful men and their families actively participated in the transformation project of the Qing and Republican states over several decades, and secured their own political, economic and moral interests during the course of negotiations among China and the British and French colonial powers over the drawing of a border between China, Burma, Vietnam and Laos. Frontier politics, which was among the central issues in the construction of Chinese nationalism, was deeply affected by native agency. Native involvement allowed political reforms to the system of native chieftains to continue at the same time as the Chinese state was transformed at to a modem nation- state through the demarcation of borders. Through their influence, new economic patterns of opium and tea trade took the place of traditional agriculture and reshaped local society; the presence of new immigrants led to identity change as they became ethnically non- Han and in some cases middlemen between Han elites and other local ethnic groups. As frontier politics and identity politices interacted, the Qing system gave way to the warlord politics of the Republican period. Local agents of the state participated not only in the construction of the modem state but also in the project of border demarcation. This paper integrates ethnic politics as well as the importance of the local ecology into our understanding of the history of China's southwest frontier.

並列關鍵字

nationalism ； Yunnan Warlords ； Lahu ； Wa ； Sipsongpanna