書寫「西南」－兩種典範歷史的對話與建構

Writing Histories of the ＂Southwest＂: Reconstruction and Dialogue between Two Paradigms of History

連瑞枝(Ruizhi LIAN)

《歷史人類學學刊》 16卷1期 (2018/04) Pp. 39-70

摘要

這篇文章討論西南歷史書寫背後的政治與社會結構。大理作為昔日西南之政治中心，在明清治理下曾經留下豐富的歷史文獻。本文主要以大理之歷史敘事為分析對象，透過不同文類與書寫者、創造他們書寫歷史的政治與社會脈絡，來討論西南兩種典範歷史的建構：一是諸葛武侯南征的僰人論述，一是古天竺聖地歷史。基本上，官方檔案與志書支持建構以華夏中心的典範歷史，但是，民間流傳的章回小說，試圖將古印度的佛教故事和地景編織在一起，支持大理為古天竺的典範歷史。雖然官員和士人多支持前者，土官和鄉里社會多支持後者，但更重要的是在兩種典範歷史之間所進行的諸多辯證，提供我們觀察不同身份的書寫者如何為合理化自身的處境而作出努力。綜合來說，中央官員試圖建立一套貫時性的正統歷史敘事，而民間則採取共時性的傳說來應對之，透過這兩種典範歷史的框架，我們可更清晰地觀察不同社群在此兩種典範間所產生多元歷史敘事的可能性。

關鍵字

典範歷史 ； 中國西南 ； 歷史敘事 ； 僰與白 ； 諸葛亮與古天竺傳說

並列摘要

The article discusses the political and social structure of ＂southwest＂ history. In southwest China, Dali, conquered by the Ming dynasty in 1384, had been the center of Dali kingdom. By analyzing literary genres and narratives written in the late imperial period by different social groups, this research focuses on how the past of Dali was reconstructed into two ideal historical frameworks: one that centered on narratives related to the conqueror Zhuge Liang (諸葛亮, 181-234), a framework supported by Chinese orthodox history; the other centered on ancient India, which related the visualized landscape to legends of Dali as a religious kingdom. Official documents and local gazetteers provided a longitudinal framework connecting the noble groups' past to Bo (僰) of Chinese history. Oppositely, folk legends and chaptered novels provided a synchronic mode of narratives relating their past to the Bai (白) kingdom, sacred Buddhist relics, and holy monks. This study shows that Dali's imperial officials and elites tended to support Chinese historical frameworks while the native officials and local commoners tended to reorganize their past into frameworks coherent with India's Buddhist history. Most importantly, this paper demonstrates that in a spectrum of diverse narratives between the two paradigms, based on different historical experiences, various alternative histories were innovated through chosen genres for certain social groups.

並列關鍵字

Paradigmatic History ； Southwest China ； Historical narratives. Bo and Bai ； Legends of Zhuge Liang and ancient India