從神明到祖先－清代桂林府臨桂縣茶洞地區的社會轉型

From Gods to Ancestors: The Social Transformation in the Chadong Area of Lingui County, Guilin Prefecture during the Qing Dynasty

任建敏(Jianmin REN)

《歷史人類學學刊》 16卷1期 (2018/04) Pp. 71-109

摘要

本文以桂林茶洞地區為個案，考察廣西東北部不同族群在清代的社會轉型。清代茶洞及其周邊，有一個神明與祖先一體共存的階段。一般來說，最初村里都是為神明修建「公祠」或廟宇的，其後才逐漸加入一些宗族的族譜字派等元素的碑刻。在後來的歷史變遷過程中，有的村子有獨立的神廟，有的村子廟宇是以神明為主、祖先為輔的狀態，有的村子把神明與祖先並列供奉，還有的村子廟宇以祖先逐漸取代神明、最終把神廟改造成祠堂。到了清代後期，茶洞周邊形成以同姓網絡為核心的社會結構，但是在這一結構之下形形色色的差異，仍然顯示出這些人群有看不間的歷史根源。如在茶洞地區廣泛流傳的「征寇」與「九寨」的敘事，是間一段歷史的一體兩面。這個地方是否真的有「寇」並不重要，重要的是：強調征「寇」敘事的人群，要用這一說法來強調自己立籍的基礎是站在官府一方征「寇」；強調九寨敘事的人群，則保留了這些人曾被作為征討對象的歷史記憶。

關鍵字

廣西桂林 ； 茶洞 ； 神明 ； 祖先

並列摘要

This paper takes the Chadong area of Guilin as a case study to investigate the social transformation of different ethnic groups in Northeast Guangxi during the Qing Dynasty. Gods and ancestors used to coexist in the Chadong area during the Qing. Generally speaking, villagers at first built temples for the gods they worshipped. Afterwards, some new elements, sucb as genealogy stone tablets, were added to the temples, and ancestors were worshipped together with gods in the same temples. During the process of transformation, gods were replaced by ancestors, and the temples were turned into ancestral balls. In the late Qing, sometimes social networks constituted of lineages of the same surname took shape. But differences within the social networks showed the different historical origins of different ethnic groups. For example, the tale of suppressing bandits and the tale of nine stockades were two sides of the same coin. The groups telling the tale of suppressing bandits were trying to emphasize that their settlement were supported by the officials while the groups telling the tale of nine stockades maintained their historical memories of being suppressed by military power.

並列關鍵字

Guilin of Guangxi ； Chadong ； gods ； ancestors