水運社會的地方文化網絡－以宋以來廣州府番禺縣沙灣司磚瓦業和龍船習俗為中心的考察

The Local Cultural Network of the Society of Water Transport: the Dragon Boat Culture and Brick and Tile Industry from the Song dynasty in Shawan Inspection Department, Panyu County of Guangzhou

朱光文(Guangwen ZHU)

《歷史人類學學刊》 16卷2期 (2018/10) Pp. 43-92

摘要

南山峽地處廣州府番禺縣西南端沙灣司市橋水道上游，是連接珠江口和珠三角腹地，乃至西江中上游地區的水路交通要道。本文梳理宋元以來該地區水運社會及其社會文化網絡的織造過程。明清官府設立巡檢司、營汛、掛號口等對該地區進行管治。明代以來，依託便利的水運，催生了發達的磚瓦業，並發展成為珠三角地區傳統建材中心之一，也為業緣火神崇拜的出現創造契機。由於地勢險要、盜寇橫行，船難多發，奠定南山古廟河神崇拜的基礎。清中葉以來，宗族角力、地方動亂、村社分合、民國「大天二」等因素都促使水道兩岸分屬不同社、大部份從事磚瓦業的村落在競爭中形成兩大聯盟和龍船會。他們在端午節前夕到南山古廟進行「採青」、「請龍」儀式，以此表達村落之間的水上關係網。由此，多個屬於不同體系的社會網絡，不同時期，在相互疊加、交互作用中織造光怪陸離的水運社會地方文化網絡。1949年以來，磚瓦業轉型消失。20世紀70年代末以來，兩岸龍船習俗在新的歷史條件下復興與再造。龍船會成為一個相對開放的空間，接納了新的成員，原有的地方歷史文化脈絡得以延續和重構。作為「非遺」的「南山古廟龍舟習俗」也成為當地政府在市橋水道舉辦龍舟賽的某種歷史依託。南山峽地區是華南水運社會文化網絡的多次「結構過程」及其在當代以龍舟習俗的形式得以再現的典型個案。

關鍵字

番禺縣沙灣司 ； 南山峽 ； 磚瓦業 ； 龍舟 ； 水運社會 ； 文化網絡

並列摘要

Nanshan gorge locates in the upper stream of Shiqiao waterwayand belongs to Shawan Inspection Department, southwest of Panyu county, Guangzhou. It connects the estuary of the Pearl River with the hinterland, up to the mid-and upper stream of the West River. This article aims to show the forming process of the society of water transport and its cultural network from the Song dynasty. The authority of the Ming and Qing dynasties had set up the Inspection Department, barracks, and sub-customs to govern this area. Depending on the convenient water transport, the industry of brick and tile also flourished in this region and made this region one of the producing centers of the traditional architectural materials in the Pearl River Delta. The worship of the god of fire, a god for this industry, appeared accordingly. This region was dangerous but of great strategic importance; many boats wrecked in this region, and brigands were endemic. The worship of the river god at the ancient Nanshan Temple took shape due to the above reasons. From the mid-Qing dynasty, the two sides of the river became different groups due to the competition among different clans, the local turmoil, the regrouping of villages, and the brigand group Datian'er. Villages producing the bricks and tiles formed two associations and dragon boat leagues. They went to the Nanshan Temple to hold the ceremony of Caiqing (to obtain good luck) and Qinglong (to invite the dragon boat) on the Eve of the Dragon Boat Festival. They held these ceremonies to maintain the network of the water ties among different villages. Thus, different social networks that belong to different systems Coexisted, whose interaction created a complicated local cultural network. After 1949, the industry of brick and tile disappeared and transformed to other industries. Since the late 1970s, the traditions of dragon boat on both sides of the river have revived and been reformed. The dragon boat league has recruited new members in a more open context. The original local tradition was reconstructed and passed down to present. As Intangible Cultural Heritage, the tradition of the dragon boat at the Nanshan Temple became the historical foundation of the dragon boat race, which was held at the Shiqiao waterway by the local government. The area of Nanshan gorge is a typical case showing that the cultural network among societies of water transport in South China had experienced multiple reconstructive stages which made it reappear in the form of the dragon boat tradition.

並列關鍵字

Shawan Inspection department of Panyu County ； Nanshan gorge ； the industry of brick and tile ； Dragon boat ； society of water transport ； cultural network