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社會主義國家的華人組織-古巴革命以來華人社團的歷史變遷與現狀分析

Overseas Chinese Organizations in a Socialist State: The Historical and Present Situation of Cuban Chinese Associations after the Cuban Revolution

摘要


古巴革命後,由於本地社會政治結構發生重大變化,古巴華人社團確也曾一度受到較大程度的衝擊與影響。不過,社會主義制度背景下的古巴華人社團,卻並未如前人所言,出現類似部份蘇歐或亞洲社會主義國家華人組織完全遭到「禁絕」的情況。反倒是受益於古巴相對特殊的社會主義制度環境的優勢,本地華人社團不但得以保留,並部份維持古巴革命前互助福利、延續族裔文化、聯繫家鄉與在地國等功能結構。同時,借助冷戰結束前後古巴政府對蘇聯式「正統」社會主義制度的調整與「更新」,本地華人社團非但在經濟實力上實現較大幅度的發展與提升,甚至還在本地公共政治生活中,獲得一定的話語與博弈空間。當然,儘管如此,由於社會主義政治形態下,古巴社會長期與外界封閉隔絕,本地社會經濟發展水準總體而言仍相對滯後。加以受歷史傳統與現實政治經濟結構等影響,目前比之世界其他地區的華人組織,古巴本地華人社團也存在着整體會員數量與組織規模不大、「本土地化」色彩較濃鬱、參與全球性「跨國主義」活動之頻率不高、華人社團內部分化明顯等問題,顯示社會主義制度下,古巴華人社團相對特殊的路徑發展模式以及較為多歧複雜的跌宕起伏命運,成為目前全球華人社團中之特有案例。

關鍵字

古巴 華人社團 社會主義 歷史 現狀

並列摘要


The Cuban Revolution led to significant transformation of Cuba's social and political structure, and also greatly influenced Chinese associations in Cuba. However, under the socialist system, Chinese associations in Cuba were not completely banned, unlike some Chinese associations in European and Asian socialist countries shown in previous studies. Instead, benefiting from Cuba's relatively special socialist system, Cuban Chinese associations partially maintained some functional structures that existed before the Cuban Revolution, such as providing assistance to their members, preserving Chinese culture, and connecting their hometown and their country of residence. Furthermore, with the adjustment and "actualizer (renewal)" of the "orthodox" socialism by the Cuban government before and after the end of the cold war, the Chinese associations in Cuba not only achieved significant development and improvement in economic strength, but also gained more power and space in the local political public life. On the other hand, with the socialist political system, Cuba was isolated from the outside world for a long time, and it had a low socioeconomic development level. Under the influence of historical tradition and current political and economic structure, Cuban Chinese associations faced many problems compared with their counterparts in other regions of the world. The problems included the small number of members, high level of localization, low frequency of participating in global transnationalism activities, and vast internal differentiation of the associations. These elements together show the special path-dependence and complex fate of the Cuban Chinese associations under socialism, which made the Chinese associations in Cuba a rare and unique case among the Chinese associations across the world.

並列關鍵字

Cuba Chinese associations socialism history present situation

參考文獻


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