曹元忠文殊堂的顯密融合

Exoteric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism Fusion in Cao Yuanzhong's Manjushri Temple

許絹惠(Hsu Chuanhui)

《敦煌學》 35期 (2019/08) Pp. 151-174

摘要

吐蕃於781-848年佔領敦煌，為敦煌帶來全面性的影響。此外，吐蕃密教信仰的浸入，使得敦煌佛教有了更多元的發展。歸義軍初期，密教圖像與顯教圖像皆見於石窟寺，惟各自獨立，尚未見義理上之連結。至歸義軍晚期，兩者以義理綴連融合於同一石窟中。其中，曹元忠所營建的61窟文殊堂，以具有密教身分的文殊菩薩為主尊。關於窟內顯、密經變的配置，顯教經變繪於進入窟內明顯可見的南北壁，而密教經變分布於靠近西壁的南北壁、西壁及背屏上，形成南北壁經變仍以顯教教理為主軸，中心壇台上則以密教教法為主要表現。又顯密圖像皆表現出法身佛、化身佛與報身佛的義理思維，兩者以三身一體觀揉合於石窟寺。故而，歸義軍晚期的文殊堂所展現的即是佛教顯密融合的最佳實證之一。

關鍵字

曹元忠 ； 文殊堂 ； 莫高窟第61窟 ； 顯密融合

並列摘要

Textual The Tibetans occupied the city of Dunhuang from the year 781 to 848, which influenced the way Dunhuang was Comprehensive. In addition, the city's immersion in the Esoteric Buddhism of the Tibetan Empire has made the forms of Buddhism practiced in Dunhuang more diverse. In the early days of the Guiyi Army, the Esoteric Buddhism of images and the Esoteric Buddhism of images are found in the cave temple, but they are independent and have not yet been connected. In the late period of the Guiyi Army, the exoteric images had already melded with the cave temples' imagery. Cao Yuanzhong built the 61-cave Manjushri Temple, and added contained codified painting of both esoteric and exoteric Buddhist images. Exoteric images are very visibly painted on the north and south walls of the cave, and the esoteric ones were distributed near the western part of the north and south walls, the western wall, and the northern screen. The images from both schools of thought were painted on both sides of these. The northern and southern walls were designed with the exoteric Buddhism as their main themes, and places the use of the esoteric Buddhist doctrine on the central altar. The dense images all show the legal thoughts of the Buddha, the Buddha nature, the Buddha body and the Buddha incarnation. The Trikāya of the Buddha is combined in the cave temple. Therefore, the Manjusri Temple in the late Guiyi Army presents the best illustration of the fusion from exoteric Buddhism with esoteric Buddhism.

並列關鍵字

Cao Yuanzhong ； Manjushri Temple ； 61 Mogao Caves

參考文獻

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