怎樣讀懂敦煌－以《圖說敦煌二五四窟》為例

How to understand Dunhuang: taking The Illustrated Book on Cave 254 in Dunhuang as an Example

柴劍虹(Chai Jianhong)

《敦煌學》 35期 (2019/08) Pp. 201-211

摘要

本文以《圖說敦煌二五四窟》一書為例，提出不能忽視「信仰」對於詮釋、研究敦煌圖像的重要性。文章指出：一、虔誠的宗教信仰貫穿於敦煌圖像的創作者、禮拜者和鑒賞者的群體之中，這是莫高窟等敦煌窟寺在一千多年裡得以不斷發展、繁榮，長盛不衰的根本原因。二、佛教及儒、道、基督、摩尼、祆等基本宗旨均具備仁慈向善、相容包涵的文化精神，它們在不同歷史時期及複雜環境中的碰撞、交匯，融匯於敦煌圖像中，不僅是我們讀懂敦煌的人文基礎，而且化為人們修身養性的精神營養，這也正是莫高窟成為造福於全人類的世界文化遺產的重要依據。三、宗教的本質是文化，是信仰性的文化，是一種社會文化體系，是人們的一種精神生活方式。敦煌石窟寺作為信仰文化的物質載體，其建築、壁畫、雕塑無疑是凝聚了創作者匠心的精神產品，也是供信眾與禮拜者瞻仰、鑒賞和身性修養的文化藝術精品。不同身份、不同文化層次、不同專業背景的人，都可以以自己的文化信仰和藝術修養去閱讀、感悟敦煌藝術，力求在一定程度上讀懂敦煌。

關鍵字

讀懂敦煌 ； 信仰 ； 修身養性

並列摘要

Taking The Illustrated Book on Cave 254 in Dunhuang as an example, this paper pointed out the importance of faith in the iconographical study and interpretation of Dunhuang caves in the following three aspects: (1) Running through the communities of artists, pilgrims and specialists of the Dunhuang images are devout religious faiths which guaranteed the development and prosperity of the Mogao Caves and other grotto complexes over a thousand years. (2) The cultural spirit embodied by kindness and tolerance is shared by Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Christ, Christianity, Manicheism, Zoroastrianism and other beliefs whose collisions and compromises in different historical periods and complex environments are integrated into the Dunhuang images. This is the humanistic foundation on which we comprehend Dunhuang. It is converted into spiritual nutrition of self-cultivation and provides an important basis for the Mogao Caves in its establishment as a world cultural heritage that benefits mankind. (3) As a physical bearer of the culture of faith, which constitutes the essence of religion as a socio-cultural system and a spiritual lifestyle, the grottoes in Dunhuang, with their integration of architecture, murals and sculpture, are undoubtedly the ingenious spiritual products of their makers and the cultural and artistic masterpieces for worship and appreciation. People of different identities, cultural backgrounds and professions may read and experience Dunhuang art with their own cultural beliefs and artistic attainments and try to understand Dunhuang to certain degrees.

並列關鍵字

understand Dunhuang ； faith ； self-cultivation

參考文獻

季羨林主編 《敦煌學大辭典》，上海：上海辭書出版社，1998 年。

柴劍虹 〈敦煌文化遺產的人文環境和文化特性〉，收入《專家講敦煌》（敦煌研究院編著、樊錦詩主編《絲綢之路與敦煌文化叢書》），南京：江蘇鳳凰美術出版社，2016 年。

陳海濤、陳琦 《圖說敦煌二五四窟》，北京：生活．讀書．新知三聯書店，2017年。

趙聲良 《敦煌石窟藝術簡史》，北京：中國青年出版社，2015 年。

蔡鴻生 《唐代九姓胡與突厥文化》，北京：中華書局，1998 年。