見與不見的戰爭－論記體與賦體及劉裕北伐

Visible and Invisible War: Records, Rhapsodies, and Liu Yu's Expeditions to the North

劉苑如(LIU Yuan-ju)

《中國文哲研究集刊》 49期 (2016/09) Pp. 1-40

摘要

東漢開始，出現大量征行之作，尤以士大夫在宴集場合中朗誦的賦體，在文士間產生競題現象。本文集中探討東晉末年，隨著劉裕（363-422）對南燕、後秦等北方異族出征，接連告捷，應運而出的眾多作品，特別是謝靈運的名篇〈撰征賦〉；還有一系列劉裕征行記，一律以「征記」為名，僅大量保留在稍後的地理圖籍著作。本文的主要關懷有三：其一有別於當代著重「文」（如詩、賦）而輕「筆」的研究趨勢，這些征記不應僅被視為歷史地理著述，也是深有所托的寄寓之作，其文學的秘密就隱藏於「筆」法之中；其二探討征賦與征記「名題化」的現象。在「征賦」名家輩出的時代，這些慰勞劉裕征秦之師所作「征記」何以異軍突起？其三徵引與輯佚的問題：這些征記既然透過徵引倖存於史籍或類書中，本文將以《水經注》所引為例，探問此中是否發生了怎麼樣的質變？最後擬用「戰爭之框」的概念來說明此一「定調」與「再定調」的形塑過程，重新審視劉裕北伐戰爭在後來南、北正統論中的運用，思考戰爭如何從實體的軍事場域進入符號的象徵領域。

關鍵字

劉裕 ； 征記 ； 征賦 ； 名題競爭 ； 南北正朔

並列摘要

From the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220), there appeared numerous literary works on expeditions, especially rhapsodies the literati recited at banquets, in a competitive atmosphere. This article focuses on Liu Yu's (363-422) victorious northern expeditions against the Southern Yan (398-410) and Later Qin (384-417), at the end of the Eastern Jin dynasty (317-420). His feats are reflected in rhapsodies, particularly Xie Lingyun's (385-433) famous ＂Rhapsody on an Expedition＂, but also in a series of prose accounts, all of which were entitled ＂expedition records＂. A large number of these is preserved in later geographical and cartographical treatises. This article makes three observations. First, in contrast to the emphasis in contemporary research on verse literature, the expedition records should not be regarded only as historical geography, but examined for the rich metaphorical value written into them. Second, the process by which the expedition emerged as a topic of composition for rhapsodies and records should be examined. Rhapsodies were composed to extol Liu Yu's expedition against the state of Qin, but why was there also a sudden surge of ＂expedition records＂? The third observation refers to the problem of citing and editing works extant only in fragments. Using the Annotated Classic of Waterways (Shuijing zhu), this article explores whether and how the materials were adapted and altered as they were incorporated into historical and encyclopedic works. Finally, this article uses the concept of the ＂frame of war＂ to explain how Liu Yu's campaigns to the north were ＂keyed＂ and ＂re-keyed＂ for use in debates over the legitimacy of the regimes in the South and North, evaluating how war moved from the military sphere to the realm of the symbolic.

並列關鍵字

Liu Yu ； account records on expeditions ； rhapsodies on expeditions ； competition in topics ； legitimacy between the North and the South

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