桃園土地利用變遷對人體舒適度的影響

在過去的數十年間，因為都市化的發展，桃園地區有明顯的土地覆蓋及土地利用的改變。在1990年至2010年間，桃園地區的人口增加了八十萬，且房屋住宅數量是過去的兩倍。受到開發過程的影響，桃園地區特有的埤塘也從原有的數千座減少至僅剩三分之一。過去有許多研究對於土地利用變遷對局地氣候的影響做了探討，但比較少研究關注於土地利用變遷對人體舒適度的影響。因此，本研究針對桃園地區的土地利用與覆蓋情況進行分析，並且討論土地利用與覆蓋的改變對於當地熱環境以及熱舒適度的影響。其中的熱舒適度使用了生理等效溫度（Physiological Equivalent Temperature, PET）作為指標。在此研究中，利用衛星Landsat 5和Landsat 8的遙測資料進行土地覆蓋的分類和地表溫度的反演及分析，而生理等效溫度是透過RayMan模式進行計算。結果顯示，在土地覆蓋上，1991年與2016年有5-6%由植被或水體轉為人造物或建物。在地表溫度的部分，同時間不同地點的地表溫度差異可高達10°C以上，且其差值在2016年更為增加；平均地表溫度在建築環境分類下最高，且其上升幅度最大。藉由戶外工作者之生理等校溫度地圖，可以清楚看到熱舒適度在研究區域的空間分布情況。在此研究期間，桃園地區的平均生理等校溫度亦有升高的趨勢。為了增加戶外舒適度，戶外工作著之衣著與材質是可以進行更進一步的探討以及改善的。本研究之土地覆蓋、熱環境分布與熱舒適地圖，可提供氣候與環境變遷下的調適設計和都市規劃之重要參考。

關鍵字

桃園；土地利用與土地覆蓋；地表溫度；熱舒適指標；生理等效溫度

並列摘要

Over the past few decades, Taoyuan, located in northwestern Taiwan, has been experiencing significant land use and land cover (LULC) change. Eight hundred thousand population increased, and the number of the houses doubled in the past two decades. Due to urbanization, the numbers of its unique landscape—the farm ponds—reduced by two-thirds. The impact of LULC changes on regional environments has been widely studied in recent years. However, there is relatively little research focusing on the effects of LULC changes on human thermal comfort. The aim of this study is to investigate the influences of LULC changes on the thermal environment and physiological equivalent temperature (PET), an important human comfort index, in Taoyuan. In this study, Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 satellite data are used to classify the spatial distribution of LULC and land surface temperature (LST) over different periods. The PET is calculated by RayMan model with the weather parameters including the retrieved LST. The results show that 5-6% LULC changes from natural landscapes to artificial objects, while both the range and mean value of LST increase from 1991 to 2016. Specifically, the average LST is highest under the land cover class of the built-up environment, and it increases the most over the study period. Combined with the LST and meteorological data, the PET maps show the distribution of human thermal comfort in a higher spatial resolution in the summer daytime. The distribution of PET also correlated to the LULC. The average PET was high over the study period. In order to improve the thermal comfort, different clothing of the outdoor workers is also considered in this study. It shows that the changes in the clothing could make more than 1 °C difference in PET. By the production of LULC and PET maps, the changes in the environment can be noted easily. Furthermore, the PET map could be taken into considerations for urban planning and adaptation to environmental changes in the future.

並列關鍵字

land use and land cover change ； Landsat ； land surface temperature ； physiological equivalent temperature ； Taoyuan, Taiwan

參考文獻

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桃園土地利用變遷對人體舒適度的影響

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