- 期刊
智者樂水，仁者樂山－論齊魯兩種文化的不同氛圍和特點
"The Wise delight in the Water, the Good delight in the Hills" a Discussion on the Divergent Lu [魯]and Chi [齊]Cultures
摘要
向來齊魯並提，把齊魯文化看成一個體系。事實上，齊文化和魯文化自有其分野，絕非一個文化系統。本文正是從孔子「智者樂水，仁者樂山」一語說開去，認為孔子所言及的，正是指齊魯兩種不同的文化體系而言的，齊國是沿海文化類型，達於事理而周流無滯，有似於水；魯國則是大陸文化類型，安於義理而厚重不遷，有似於山。兩種文化的不同，首先是由地理環境不同而引起，齊國是沿海國家，魯國則是大陸國家。故齊國是沿海經濟，有多種經濟類型：農耕、漁業、製鹽業、通輸業、手工業；魯國則只重視農業，商品經濟極不發達。由此又引起經濟政策、政治方針和民情風俗等方面的差異。最後則決定了齊魯兩國之間的學術文化也是不同的：齊文化具有很强的兼容性，對外來文化能夠兼收並蓄，魯文化則是單一性的文化，具有排他性；齊文化具有很强的變通性，魯文化則表現出守常性；齊文化是智者型文化，科學技術比較發達，魯文化是仁者型文化，提倡「尊尊而親親」，孝悌是仁的根本。中國傳統文化之所以是以儒學為中心的魯文化為主體的文化，就是因為統一後的中國，基本上是個大陸國家，而大陸國家，只能有一種農業經濟，意識形態也只能有與農業經濟相適應的魯文化。
並列摘要
It has always been the practice to group the Lu and Chi cultures together and consider them as one. In actuality, the two cultures have a demarcation and should not he considered as such. This article would like to proceed from the line in the Analects, The Wise delight in the water, The Good delight in the hills in advancing the notion that the Lu and Chi cultures were different. The state of Chi was a seafaring nation, emphasizing more practical pursuits, displaying the adaptable qualities of water. The people of Lu, on the other hand, were a land-locked state. They, consequently, were more inclined to follow the dictates of form and law, not easily given over to change, displaying the qualities of a mountain. So initially it can be considered that the difference between the two cultures was a geographic one. This geographic difference also manifested itself in two very distinct economies. Being the sea-faring nation, the people of Chi had a well-developed econoniyin many areas; agriculture, fishing, transporting and hand manufactured goods. The people of Lu, however, had to depend solely on agriculture, not really developing a consumer based economy. From these economic differences, we can also consider that their must have been political differences as well as differences in local customs. Finally, we can be certain that there were also differences in their approaches to learning. The people of Chi had to be an open people in order to deal with some many different cultures. Conversely, the state of Lu was a solitary nation and not a very gregarious people. The people of Chi were adaptable, while the nation of Lu tended more to the status quo. The Chi culture was an intellectual culture with fairly developed scientific technology. The culture of Lu was a more humanistic culture advocating respect and concern among its people. This respect found its foundation in filial piety. Chinese culture today has developed from the Confucian Lu culture. This is because China is basically a continental state, and such a state could only find a model in the agricultural economy of the culture of Lu.