歐洲中世紀基督教社會的朝聖行

Christian Pilgrimage in Medieval Europe

王芝芝(Genevieve Wang)

《輔仁歷史學報》 18期 (2006/12) Pp. 389-416

https://doi.org/10.29439/FJHJ.200612.0005

摘要

歐洲中世紀的「朝聖行」是以基督教的贖罪信仰為基礎，以旅行為手段，所從事的宗教教化活動。《舊約聖經》記載以色列人奉天主之命到聖地集會，祈禱懺罪，接受上主指引。《新約聖經》中記載耶穌陪伴宗徒在旅途中，取得信仰，並給予福祐。在羅馬帝國的教難時代，早期的基督徒們經常在殉教者的遺骸前舉行禮拜彌撒，分享殉道者的堅定信仰，建立起聖人崇拜的「朝聖行」傳統。至中世紀，歐洲基督教社會的「朝聖行」已發展成為與社會、經濟、政治、法律、文化等緊緊相繫的宗教禮儀。本文藉申歐洲中世紀的「朝聖行」活動，瞭解基督教與社會的互動關係，探討歐洲中士紀的社會文化。

關鍵字

朝聖行 ； 朝聖者 ； 贖罪 ； 聖人遺蹟 ； 保護聖人

並列摘要

The Christian tradition of having a pilgrimage started very early. According to Old Testament; Hebrews was ordered by their Lord to go sacred places for Revelation, at least three times for a year. In the New Testament, Jesus admitted it too. Since the Prosecution era, Pilgrimage gradually developed into a meaningful ritual helping Christians to earn their Indulgences, until the Medieval age, it became a pious religious activity with social institutes concerning economic, political, legal juridical issues. Eventually, the enthusiasm toward pilgrimages to Holy Land drove the whole society into the Crusade, a military massive expansion intended to re-conquest the Holy land lost to Muslims for hundreds years. The wave of pilgrimage declined in late thirteenth century, when the Christian church gradually lost its ground in the battle against the growing bourgeois society. Pilgrims themselves brought down the driving force of Christian Pilgrimage too. They used to cause social disturbances, to irritate the places they traveled by, to raise social doubts among people they contacted, hence to deprive the spiritual values of pilgrimages. Martin Luther and all the Protestants were the last stroke to end the Medieval pilgrimage, because they believed in contacting with God directly. While they might took their own life as a pilgrimages toward Heaven, never the less, doing a pilgrimage to either the Apostles, Saints, or even Holy Mother Mary for their Indulgence, was but one of the Catholic misleading teachings. Now a day, except certain very religious persons, a great number of people would take pilgrimage as a trip to enjoy the spiritual solitude rather than the Indulgence the Medieval pilgrim intended to gain.

並列關鍵字

pilgrimage ； pilgrim ； Indulgence ； patron-saint ； sacred relics

參考文獻

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