- 學位論文
香港地質公園地質旅遊發展之評估
Assessment of Geotourism Development in Hong Kong Geopark
摘要
聯合國教科文組織 (UNESCO) 於1997年開始推動「地質公園計畫」，於2004年開始設置世界地質公園，並召開第一屆世界地質公園大會，之後各國紛紛設立地質公園，至今世界地質公園網絡成員已有90個，進而帶動地質旅遊的迅速發展，但目前仍未有一套系統性的評估指標來評估地質旅遊的成效。 香港世界地質公園由2009年11月開幕至今，已有多達150萬人次到訪遊覽，同樣沒有關於地質旅遊發展成效方面的研究。因此，本研究欲探討建立地質公園地質旅遊評估指標之方法，並以香港世界地質公園為評估對象，為其建立一套評估指標。同時，為了解香港世界地質公園內所發展的地質旅遊，有否朝向永續之方向發展，本研究再以建立之指標評估其發展現況。 本研究選定以德爾菲法為建立指標之方法，並以文獻回顧先定出地質公園內地質旅遊發展之重要面向，及以生態旅遊評估指標作為建立初擬指標之參考。然後以初擬指標取代傳統德爾菲法第一回合之開放式問卷調查，訪問14位香港地質公園的專家，包括大學教授、非政府組織、當地居民、等有關專業人士。在進行兩回合的專家意見調查中取得專家們在評估指標上的共識，訂出評估香港地質公園地質旅遊發展狀況的重要指標，包括在地質保育、地質教育、促進地方永續發展及旅遊體驗四個面向內，共二十三個指標。從專家意見調查中過程執行順利，且共識迅速達成，可見經修正之德爾菲法及生態旅遊評估指標適合用於建立地質旅遊評估指標。而地質保育及地質教育，亦被專家認為是發展地質旅遊較重要之面向。 隨後，本研究利用此些指標來建構遊客問卷，並在香港世界地質公園其中三個景區進行遊客問卷調查，以了解在地質公園進行地質旅遊遊客之特性，以及其設置能否讓地質旅遊達到永續發展之目的。透過利用描述性統計分析、單因子變異數分析、相關及迴歸分析問卷調查結果，得知在各面向中，地質保育在所有研究區之得分最高，而促進地方永續發展為最低。而在個別研究區中，荔枝窩之評分最高，東平洲則為最低。最後，在遊客特性中，地質公園內之遊客重遊度甚高，但大部分遊客仍未準備在旅程中吸收地球科學知識。而地質公園之遊客學歷愈高及停留時間愈長，其評分亦愈低。 為令香港地質公園內發展之地質旅遊能邁向永續發展之路，本研究建議香港地質公園應鼓勵當地居民參與管理與決策之工作，以達促進地方永續發展之目的。此外，政府除應將地質公園之相關知識放入小學及初中之課程中，亦應在地質公園設立更多深度較低的解說設施，讓地質知識更普及，以增強地質教育之成效。最後，經營管理單位應作遊客調查，了解遊客的人口特徵及出遊特性，並為遊客提供意見回饋之渠道，將之納入在發展地質旅遊決策之考量。
並列摘要
In 21st centuary, the world started concerning the importance of conservating geological and geomorphological sites, thus giving rise to the global expansion of geoparks initiative. In 2004, the first International UNESCO Conference on Geoparks was held and the promotion of Global Geoparks Network (GGN) has started. As of today, a total of 90 geosites have been inscribed on the GGN member list. Geotourism is emerging as a new global phenomenon with the rapid growth of geoparks, but the indicators for evaluating the development of geotourism have not been developed. Hong Kong Geopark was established in November 2009. As geopark and geotourism is burgeoning concepts which were not well known by the citizens, geopark might be misinterpreted and regarded as a normal theme park in Hong Kong, and the geotourism in Hong Kong Geopark might develop towards an un-sustainable way. In order to ensure geotourism in Hong Kong Geopark develops to reach its goals, it is necessary to assess its development status. Thus, this study aimed to develop a method for finding out the important indicators in assessing geotourism in geopark, and used the idicators developed to assess the geotourism development in Hong Kong Geopark. The research was conduted through the modified Delphi method, which was founded suitable for developing the indicators. Then, the indicators developed primarily in literatue reviw and the ecotourism evaluation were filtred to replace the first round of traditional Delphi survey.After two rounds of Delphi survey, the expert panel members formed by 14 experts of Hong Kong Geopark, reached consensus on a set of 23 indicators under four dimensions: geological conservation, geological education, local sustainable development and tourism experience. The result showed that, geological conservation and geological education were considered more important than the other two dimensions in the development of geotourism in Hong Kong Geopark. The above indicators were subsequently used in developing the questionnaire of visitor survey, and was tested in Hong Kong Geopark to assess its geotourism development. The results of the survey were analysed by descriptive statistics analysis, one-way of ANOVA, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The result showed that geological conservation got the higest socre, while local sustainable development got the lowest among all dimensions. Also, Lai Chi Wo got the higest socre, while Tung Ping Chaut got the lowest among all destinations. Moreover, the rate of revisit of visitors in Hong Kong Geopark is high, but most of them were not ready to absorb knowledge of geology. Finally, the higher the education level and the longer the duratioin of stay of visitors, the score of the assessment was found lower. According to the research result, suggestions were given for the sustainable development of geotourism in Hong Kong Geopark.Fisrt, the park should encourage the local residents to participate in the decision making process and management of the park, in order to reach the goal of local sustainable development. Second, the government should implement the knowledge of geopark into the curriculum of primary and secondary education. At the mean while, the depth of knowledge of the interpretation panels in the park should be lowered, in order to allow more widespread geological knowledge and enhance the effectiveness of geological education. Finally, the park should conduct visitor survey to understand the demographics of visitors and their travelling characteristics. Also, the park should provide channels to collect feedback for the visitors, as the comments of visitos were important in policy making of the development of geotourism.