- 學位論文
台灣退休金會計處理與國際之接軌
The convergence of Taiwan Pension Accounting Standard into Universal Standards
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摘要
美國財務會計準則委員會(FASB)自2005年起即展開兩階段性的退休金會計財務報表表達的修訂計劃。截至96年為止，第一階段計劃已告完成，FASB於2006年9月公佈了Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 158 (FAS 158) 。FAS 158修訂了現行FAS 87、FAS 88、FAS 106以及FAS 132(R)有關退休金會計之負債認列方式之規定，根據新修訂版本，企業必須將資產負債表上退休金負債表達由過去之累積給付義務提高為預計給付義務之水準,適用時間啟自於會計年度終了日在2006年12月15日以後之企業。對於需要按美國一般公認會計原則編列財務報表之企業而言, FAS 158新修訂將嚴重影響減少股東權益,進而影響其它與股東權益金額相關之事項。FASB有關退休金會計之第二階段目標在於與國際會計準則委員會(IASB)合作，擬共同發展出一個高品質且國際共用的退休金會計處理準則 反觀我國退休金會計之處理準則之發展歷程，中華民國財務會計準則委員會以FAS 87為藍本，於民國八十年十二月十九日發布第十八號「退休金會計處理準則」公報。繼之，中華民國財務會計準則委員會於了民國九十年參考了IASB於1998年修訂的員工福利會計準則IAS 19後，修訂了第十八號「退休金會計處理準則」公報，90年至今則未做任何新增或修訂，此一現象顯然已落後於國際會計制度之發展。 為銜續國際退休金會計之表達方式，以忠實表達我國企業退休金財務體質與提撥狀態，本研究以2006年9月公佈之FAS 158為藍本，採用九十五年之台灣五十企業為樣本，推導若企業於民國九十四年十二月三十一日採用FAS 158之規定，民國九十四年十二月三十一日股東權益之影響。 另於資料蒐集過程當中發現，本研究發現折現率假設之選擇對精算結果有重大之影響，但各企業所採用之折現率假設差距頗大(範圍從2.25%到3.75%)，本研究乃根據中華民國共同性精算假設以及FASB和IASB之規定，分別以2.25%、2.5%以及2.75%折現率進行情境分析，探討折現率之選擇對企業適用FAS 158、提撥狀況以及淨退休金成本之影響。同時為計算不同折現率假設下之精算相關費用以及負債，本研究採用修正存續期間(Modified Duration)之概念將不同折現率之精算結果做一轉換，據以衡量利率變動對九十四年度淨退休金成本影響數及其對當期損益之影響程度，並衡量不同折現率假設對適用美國會計準則公報第一五八號之影響程度。 根據本研究結果，在現行精算假設下，預計給付義務相對於股東權益比例最高者為12%，若實施FAS 158則企業股東權益平均減少0.6%，影響程度最大者為股東權益之6%，此一影響數相對美國企業最嚴重者高達股東權益之20%以上有相當大的差異。另由折現率之敏感度分析發現，若將折現率設為2.25%，FAS 158的平均影響數將從股東權益之0.6%提高為0.9%；退休金之提撥狀況將從46.9%降至41.9%；平均淨退休金成本將增加9%。 綜合本研究所得之結論，FAS158公報對企業的財務影響未如想像中嚴重， 且為能確實允當表達企業真實的退休金狀況，應值得研究並推行之；同時由於折現率之選擇往往能左右精算結果，故主管機關應建立較明確之準則規範之。
並列摘要
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) initiated a two-phase review of all aspects of employer accounting for pensions, retiree medical, and other postretirement benefits since 2005. The issuance of Statement No. 158 in September 2006 completes the first phase of the Board’s comprehensive project to improve the accounting and reporting for defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. Under FAS 158, previous balance sheet recognition of pension liability of FAS 87, FAS 88, FAS 106, and FAS 132 (R) were amended. Following the modified edition, plan sponsors with fiscal years ending late in 2006 are required to adopt the projected benefit obligation (PBO) instead of the accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) in measuring their balance sheets pension liability for their 2006 year-end financial statements. For business entities required to comply with the General Accepted Accounting Principles of financial statements, FAS 158 will severely diminish owners' equity and other issues related to it. The second phase of the review, aimed at improving transparency and convergence with international standards, will cover all other measurement, recognition, and reporting aspects and may take several years to complete. On a more domestic level, the Financial Accounting Standards Board of Taiwan had FAS 87 as the model and promulgated the No. 18 Pension Accounting Standards on December 19, 1991. In 2001, the FASB of Taiwan made minor revision on No.18 of Pension Accounting Standard after examining the IAS 19 Employee Benefits, published by the IASB in 1998. And content of No. 18 Pension Accounting Standards remain the same since then, which implicitly signal that the presentation methods have far behind the international standards. This study empirically implements standards set up by FAS 152 to evaluate pension liability and financial status of the most representative business entities in Taiwan. The most representative business entities are composed of 50 public listing companies which are also the components of Taiwan Exchange Trade Fund. One main purpose of this study is to evaluate the severity of impact on owners’ earnings assuming that new standards become effective on December 31st of 2005. The second purpose of this study is to examine the significance of discount rate in pension liability calculation if FAS152 adopted. This research arrives at 3 discount rate assumptions (2.25%、2.5%以及2.75%) to perform scenario tests, based on the common principles advised in FASB, IASB and Society of Actuary. In order to measure the impact on NPPC and NI, modified duration has applied to redefine the actuarial valuation results. According to the outcomes from this study, under current actuarial assumptions, projected benefit obligations as compared to equity, the greatest percentage yield is 12%. If FAS158 is implemented, the average owners' equity will decrease by 0.6% (or a maximum of 6%). On the contrary, the average owners' equity will decrease by a shocking 20% in the United States market. In addition, if the discount rate is set at 2.25%, then the average drop in owners' equity will increase from 0.6% to 0.9%. Pension financial status will drop from 46.8% to 41.9%. Average pension cost will increase by 9%. In conclusion, not only FAS 158 suitably expresses the enterprise's pension status, the level of influence FAS158 has on business accounting book is less severe than previously anticipated. Thus it is worth implementing and researching. In addition, since the discount rate matters valuation results materially thus the Accounting and Actuary Authority should establish a clear criterion standard when determining the appropriate discount rate in performing valuation.
參考文獻
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