- 學位論文
重大核能災變之法律問題研究
Study on Legal Issues of Disastrous Nuclear Accident
摘要
本篇論文研討對象、標題所述之『重大核能災變』係指類似於車諾比核能事故、分級制中稱為『最嚴重意外事故』之第七級核能事件。我們首先以車諾比災變作為典型之核能發電廠核子事故場景，介紹災變過程與其所產生之輻射污染侵害態樣。其次就法治國角度，設想同樣核能事故若發生於我國，對如此重大災變事件之發生，首先為行政系統如何在『依法行政原則』下，快速與大規模之應變動員與疏散，以盡其所能地於第一時間降低生命及財產之損害為優先目標。其次即為司法系統調查與研討災變發生原因，追究造成社會秩序與公共利益重大損害之釀災責任，在科技專業議題外，依法對有顯著故意過失之組織與個人施以行政處分與刑罰。最後對災變發生所造成之損害，法律系統應如何來設計實踐，由政府、肇事者與金融保險等承擔賠償或補償責任以穫致最佳社會福利之解決方案。 由於環境權與非核家園入憲主張在我國尚未實現，本論文採用國家的保護義務之見解，所討論者首先就純粹國內事件而言，於上述核能災變發生後之不同階段中，以我國內國相關之公法依特別法、普通法領域加以分類，依前述核能事件過程與其所產生之輻射侵害態樣、及特別法優先之法理，對應不同之法領域討論其所可能牽涉之法律責任與法條競合問題。其後進一步針對前述法律議題，探討政府、事故業主、與受害者當事各方彼此於司法上之法律地位及相關訴訟程序問題。結論則條列核子事故於公法上所可能引生之之司法或立法爭點，與基於實務考量下之因應對策。其次若為國外核能災變之跨國污染問題，則以車諾比災變為例，檢討事故後迄今二十年，既有之國際法律系統難以處理受災人民損害賠償之各種缺陷。其後進一步針對前述法律漏洞，探討以簽署國際互助核子事故損害賠償公約為基礎之可行損害賠償法律救濟方案。結論則條列跨國核子事故公約之所有優點，與我國基於政治現實下之因應對策，盼能拋磚引玉，以收未雨綢繆之效。
並列摘要
In this thesis, only the highest, what we called “disastrous nuclear accident,” grade 7 accident, just like the Chernobyl accident occurred on April 26, 1986, at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (originally named after Vladimir Lenin) in Ukraine is concerned in our legal issue discussions. We firstly imagine that if the same accident happens to Taiwan, how well our legal support will be to minimize the loss of lives as well as properties for government’s first-time response according the principle of “rule by law,” to mitigate the impact caused by tremendous scale of mobilization and evacuations. Secondly, we discuss all legal issues of the penalties and liabilities put on the persons and organizations who should be responsible on the disasters. Because the claim of “non-nuclear homeland” is still in controversial state at Taiwan, our discussions will be started at which the “Environment Right” of people referred as the state’s protection obligations instead of Constitutional Right. We will discuss possible legal issues encountered at different stages of disastrous nuclear accident according to public and private substansive and litigation laws based on the type of damages. Part I of this thesis will describe the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and its environmental pollution consequences. In particular, it will address the lack of reasoning on decision makings caused by social psychological impacts. In Part II, the thesis examines problems with the legal remedies currently available. Part III of the thesis contains proposals to effectuating legal protection for private victims of radiation pollution caused by domestic or transboundary nuclear accidents.