- 學位論文
俗世的權力與上帝的主權：馬丁路德的「兩個王國論」之政治思想研究
Secular Authority and God's Sovereignty: A Study of the Political Thought of the Two Kingdoms" of Martin Luther
摘要
1517年10月31日，馬丁路德(Martin Luther, 1483-1546)依循當時學術界公開論戰的先例，於自己所任教的威登堡大學(Univesität Wittenberg)教堂門前張貼以拉丁文書寫的《九十五條》(Ninety-Five Theses, Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum)公開質疑羅馬教廷公然販售贖罪券(indulgence)之行為。路德的《九十五條》成為日後宗教改革的導火線，他自己也因此逐漸捲入羅馬教廷、德國貴族與神聖羅馬帝國皇帝查理五世這三者之間的權力鬥爭，而事後路德本人也成了改教運動的先驅。然而路德所掀起的改教風潮並不侷限於宗教改革，他甚至鬆開廣大的貧窮無助的農民的枷鎖，使他們有了改革的動機。我們不難發現路德在宗教改革運動上的影響，以及這股思潮對當時的歐洲、德國社會以及政治所產生的作用。 我們從文獻中可以發現，路德自己的政教關係，並非從1525年農民戰爭時才出現的。事實上，路德在1520–1523年間，已針對他所看到的社會與政治現況表達了他的看法：例如，1520年的《致德意志基督教貴族公開書》及1523年出版的《論俗世的權力》等書信。在這些年間路德的政治思想，也就是著名的「兩個王國論」（two kingdoms, Zwei-Reiche-Leher）已逐漸成形。1525年農民戰爭發生時，他的政治思想轉化成具體的行動，也對當時的改教陣營產生莫大的衝擊，這種效應是路德當時無法想像及掌控的。 筆者於本論文將探討「兩個王國論」的歷史淵源；「兩個王國論」的思想進程；「兩個王國論」的主張；「兩個王國論」的評議。筆者期待藉由路德的文獻，以及其他學者的相關著作來一窺路德的「兩個王國論」的原貌。
並列摘要
On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther (1483-1546), one of the most significant of the reformers, posted his ninety-five Latin theses on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg to strongly protest against the sales of indulgences premised by Archbishop Albert of Mainz in his territories. Because of Luther’s efforts, significant reformation had been occurred in the church in the Medieval Ages. Furthermore, Luther’s political and ecclesiastic adversary both agreed that Luther himself has to be responsible for the Peasants’ War. From several treatises written in the Reformation, we may perceive that some of his colleagues insisted that Luther should not stand up for the governors and had opposition to the peasants. We may also find out that Luther’s point of view of the church and the state did not come out until the Peasants’ War in the year 1525 from the related treatises. The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and several dukes together gave the order to their subjects to obey the prohibition of the purchasing and reading of the New Testament and some other books translated or composed by Luther. From 1520 to 1523, Luther had begun to express his points of view toward the political and social situations in some of his treatises, for instance, To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate (1520) and Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Be Obeyed (1523). During these years, Luther had gradually established his political thought, latter became so-called the “two kingdoms” thought (Zwei-Reiche-Leher). Luther’s political thought caused him to stand up for the rulers in the year 1525, when the Peasants War broke out. By reading Luther’s own treatises, I will discuss this famous but controversial doctrine in the following contexts.