「飛天．邃古創新」－研究敦煌香音神，兼分析江尹琇創作

A Study on the Ancient Flying Fairies of Dunhuang Murals and An Explanation of Artworks About Flying Fairies Which Chiang, Yin-Hsiu Innovated

江尹琇(YIN-HSIU CHIANG)

指導教授 ： 江明賢

國立臺灣師範大學/藝術學院/美術學系/碩士(2010年)

摘要

本論文以“敦煌飛天”為研究主題，“邃古創新”為江尹琇專題創作目標。敦煌壁畫中歷朝的飛天造像，具有相當高的藝術研究價值，然而“飛天”一詞是世俗名稱，祂溯源於印度，又名香音神。
　　敦煌壁畫輝煌燦爛，是中國的荒漠傳奇！敦煌位於河西走廊西端，是接續
“絲綢之路” 的咽喉要地，史稱「華戎所交一都會」，為佛教文化傳入中國的前哨站，亦曾是中國、印度、希臘及伊斯蘭文化匯流之地。由於特殊的歷史時空背景，多元文化成就了異彩紛呈的特殊景觀！北凉北魏以“佛教意識形態治國”積極開窟造像，敦煌壁畫在千年絢麗斑斕的礦物色彩中，兼容並蓄著多方的美學，並在隋唐全盛時期激盪出雄渾、華麗、莊嚴的重彩藝術，光鮮奪目蔚為奇觀。
　　飛天造像具多重藝術生命力！敦煌壁畫中有飛天與天宮伎樂圖像者，至少長達十個朝代，且歷朝造型意象各有特色。本論文研究範圍：自北涼、北魏、西魏、北周至隋、唐鼎盛為止。研究內容包括：飛天的源起與意涵、性別與職能、音樂和舞蹈、風格影響與漢化情形，以及歷朝飛天的特徵等。
　　邃古創新~藉由文獻資料的收集分析、並親自體驗絲路戈壁的蒼茫大美，親臨敦煌莫高窟，被滿窟遠古的神秘與璀燦斑斕的岩彩所震懾，攀登天水麥積山崖壁棧道，與千年古蹟貼近……等。邃古：從傳統豐美的古壁畫中攫取感動，體悟歷朝無名畫師們所累積的經驗與資源。將飛天壁畫之美藉由：膠彩、彩墨、瓷繪… …等不同媒材的互換或混合展現另一種面貌！創新：了解當代水墨藝術現況，並以後現代藝術思維開拓創新飛天！

關鍵字

飛天 ； 敦煌石窟壁畫 ； 佛教藝術 ； 當代水墨現況 ； 後現代藝術思維 ； 重彩/膠彩

並列摘要

The main topics of this thesis include “ the Flying Fairies of Dunhuang ” and “Ancient Classic and Innovation”, which are the creative, thematic objectives of Chiang Yin-Hsiu’s artworks. The Flying Fairies images from the various dynasties of Dunhuang Murals have high value for artistic research. The Flying Fairies are commonly referred to as “Fei Tian” in Mandarin. The 　　　Dunhuang Flying Fairies originated in India and are otherwise known as Gandharva.
Dunhuang Murals are bright and splendid legends in the deserts of China! Dunhuang is located in the western end of the Hexi Corridor, and is an important location on the “Silk Road”. It has historically been referred to as “the cosmopolitan area between Chinese and foreigners.” It is where Buddhist culture first came to China, and is where Chinese, Indian, Greek, and Islamic culture converged. Due to its unique historical background, a multicultural society resulted in its colorful uniqueness! The Northern Liang (one of the Sixteen Kingdoms) and the Northern Wei periods employed “Buddhist ideology in governance” . They actively dug more grottoes and created additional Buddhist images. The mural paintings of the Dunhuang Caves' mineral colors are still radiant after a thousand years: these murals are infused with diverse aesthetics, and at the height of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Profound, glamorous, solemn, and heavenly colored art still provides an astounding sight.
“Fei Tian”images are full of complex artistic vitality! At least ten dynasties of Dunhuang murals contain images of Flying Fairies and Sky Palace Musicians--the images of these different dynasties are all unique. The research scope of this thesis ranges from the Northern Lian through the Northern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, to the height of Sui and Tang Dynasties . The research content includes: the origin and meaning of the Flying Fairies (“Fei Tian”); their gender; capabilities; musical instruments and dance. The content additionally includes: stylistic influences; Sinicization; and features of the Dunhuang Flying Fairies during different dynasties.
“Ancient, Classic and Innovation”: this involves the collection and analysis of literary data, plus personal experience of the vast beauty of the Silk Road and the Gobi Desert. I have personally entered some of the Mogao Caves and got to stand on the floor with lotus patterns. I sensed the ancient mysterious atmosphere. I was fascinated by the splendor and magnificence of the Dunhuang murals. I saw the Sky Palace Musicians of the Dunhuang murals which were painted in the Northern Wei dynasty . This engendered Remote ancientness : I was moved by the traditional, beautiful and ancient murals and have come to understand the experiences accumulated by the nameless artists over the dynasties. The beauty of the Flying Fairies murals manifests in different ways through Gouache Painting--
(made from mineral pigments with glue) , or colored ink , underglaze , or mixing other media ! Innovation : to understand these artworks of Contemporary ink-wash or colored ink paintings in relation to Contemporary Art theories. We can use Postmodern artistic thought to comprehend the innovations seen in Flying Fairies --“Fei Tian”!

並列關鍵字

Flying fairies ； murals of Dunhuang Caves ； Buddhist art ； State of Contemporary Ink-wash Paintings ； Postmodern artistic thought ； Zhongcai / Gouache Painting

參考文獻

6.古正美，〈北涼佛教與北魏太武帝發展佛教意識形態的歷程〉，收于《中華佛學學報》第13期2000年。

25.董強/譯，Hubert Damisch著，《雲的理論─為了建立一種新的繪畫史》，台北：揚智文化事業出版，2010年1月二刷。

9.蔡宗賢攝錄，〈蛹蝶觀察 無尾鳳蝶 破蛹過程〉，收于《蝴蝶追追追》網站，攝於2009年10月6日，2009年11月17 日查閱。

一 叢書

1.《中國敦煌壁畫全集》，中國敦煌壁畫全集全體編輯委員編，全國新華書店經銷，遼寧美術出版社及天津人民美術出版社發行，2006年1月。