艾倫‧金斯堡〈嚎叫〉及〈卡第绪〉中 失敗的真摯性

Failed Authenticity in Allen Ginsberg's “Howl” and “Kaddish”

尚法諾(Robert Sean Farnon)

指導教授 ： 狄亞倫

國立臺灣師範大學/文學院/英語學系/碩士(2023年)

https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202300271

摘要

摘要
本論文探討金斯堡最著名的兩首詩的意義和文本經驗──這兩首詩在二十世紀美國文學生態中定義了他這一代人。如本論文所論，這些文本之所以有意義，在於它們表達了主張擁有真摯性卻失敗的後果，這種失敗部分源自於一種神話化形式的國族主義意識形態。我想闡明，金斯堡浩瀚的詩歌結構並不支持引起分裂的個體主義，而是將官方（白人新教）美國文化暴露在其自身邊界內產生的異質記憶和話語材料中。美國對真摯性的主流主張是基於一種物化的國族主義，被這種詩歌形式的暴露所破壞。
第一章通過探討金斯堡的閾限狀態如何影響他在〈嚎叫〉中對美國的批評，以及國族主義的問題是如何透過將歐洲的猶太大屠殺意象與美國對自身麻煩的闡述並置來呈現的，從而探討了為什麼美國國族主義對金斯堡而言如此有問題。金斯堡的作品試圖通過收集美國歷史敘事中未被承認的聲音，並通過引起人們關注少數民族對美國生活的詮釋，來糾正和修正美國被認定存在的真摯性。
在第二章中，我的焦點是金斯堡在其詩〈卡第绪〉中針對失敗的真摯性的詩歌形式清算，這裡的真摯性以更加私人的形式被感知到。透過心理健康評估和母親角色的脈絡，以及作為解構猶太人哀悼祈禱文的一部分，這些形式被問題化。背負著他母親的遺澤，金斯堡在〈卡第绪〉中比在〈嚎叫〉中更直接地處理了歷史上猶太教的正式儀式。在這篇後來的作品中，詩人調整了傳統宗教權威與他自己的精神真摯性之間的關係，這種方式提供了一種重構存在於世界的可能，但也承擔了在他自己的真摯性方面失敗的風險。

關鍵字

真摯性 ； 閾限狀態 ； 艾倫‧金斯堡 ； 〈嚎叫〉 ； 猶太性 ； 〈卡第绪〉

並列摘要

Abstract
This thesis explores the meanings and textual experiences of Ginsberg’s two most famous poems––poems that helped to define his generation in twentieth-century American literary culture. As this thesis argues, these texts are significant for the way they express the effects of a failed claim to authenticity arising in part from a mythologizing form of nationalistic ideology. I wish to show that instead of endorsing a divisive individualism, Ginsberg’s expansive poetic structures expose official (white Protestant) American culture to heterogeneous memory and discursive material arising within its own borders. This poetic mode of exposure undermines dominant American claims to authenticity based on a reifying nationalism.
Chapter One looks at why American nationalism was so problematic for Ginsberg by exploring how Ginsberg’s liminality shapes his critique of America in “Howl,” and how the issues of nationalism are presented through juxtaposing Shoah imageries from Europe with an American exposition of its own drama. Ginsberg’s work seeks to redress and revise the putative authenticity of America by gathering in unacknowledged voices from the American historical narrative and by drawing attention to minority expressions of American life.
In Chapter Two my focus is on Ginsberg’s poetic reckoning with the failure of much more personal forms of perceived authenticity in his poem “Kaddish.” These forms are problematized through the contexts of mental health evaluation and the role of motherhood and as part of a deconstruction of the Jewish prayer of mourning. Carrying the weight of his mother’s legacy, Ginsberg approaches historical Judaism’s formal rituals more directly in “Kaddish” than in “Howl.” In this later work, the poet reconfigures relations between traditional religious authority and his own spiritual authenticity in a way that holds out the possibility of a reconstitutive way of being in the world but which also risks failure in terms of his own authenticity.

並列關鍵字

authenticity ； liminality ； Allen Ginsberg ； “Howl” ； Jewishness ； “Kaddish”

參考文獻

Axelrod, Steven Gould, Camille Roman and Thomas Travisano.“Allen Ginsberg,”The New Anthology of American Poetry: Vol III: Postmodernisms 1950-Present, Rutgers UP, 2012.

Breslin, James.“Allen Ginsberg: The Origins of ‘Howl’ and ‘Kaddish’.”The Iowa Review,vol. 8, no. 2,, 1977, pp. 82-108, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20158746.

Cantor, Harold.“Allen Ginsberg's‘Kaddish’: A Poem of Exorcism,” Studies in American Jewish Literature, vol. 2, no. 2, 1976, pp. 10-26, www.jstor.org/stable/41206227.

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Cheever, Abigail. Real Phonies: Cultures of Authenticity in Post World War II America,University of Georgia Press, 2010.