- 學位論文
公共空間監視：監錄系統，隱私和安全意識
Surveillance of public space: CCTV, privacy and sense of safety
摘要
隱私被形容為最模擬兩可的人權定義及界線，而監視錄影系統（Closed-circuit television, CCTV）則是打擊犯罪及預防犯罪最明顯且立即見效的工具。目前利用「不疲倦」及「明顯且無處不在」的CCTV，來營造成一個安全的生活環境，已成為台灣社會普遍的現象。然而，在公共空間設置CCTV，卻是攸關人民的隱私權的保障議題，需要有更周延的法律來保障。現今的台灣社會對於CCTV是否侵犯到個人隱私，尚未有廣泛且深入的討論，是因為台灣與歐美國家文化環境的不同？或是民眾對隱私與安全認知上的差異？台灣大部分民眾對於CCTV是否侵犯到個人隱私似乎有不同的答案。 針對上述議題，本研究採三階段研究進行深入探討。首先，以台灣一個行政區有關CCTV法制化、居民投票權、隱私權與安全感等統計數據進行分析，並以該區里長為調查對象，採半結構化訪談分析，來探討社區警政的關連、居民的安全認知，以及其所引發的資料使用與侵犯隱私等相關問題。研究的分析結果指出，影響民眾裝設CCTV最重要的因素是民眾生活上的「安全感」，包括無形的恐懼感與有形的恐懼感，其次才是隱私權。其次，本研究針對文獻中相關研究最多的英國與亞洲最多的日本，從制衡重視安全而輕隱私的特定屬性分析框架，進行與臺灣CCTV相關文獻的蒐集及跨國比較性回顧分析。期望透過此分析框架，得以觀察出CCTV隱私權保障議題及法律規範之異同。研究結果指出，臺英日三國CCTV政策的最大不同在於法規與文化的不同，但是維護民眾公共隱私權的方向是一致的。 最後，為探討民眾對於公共空間設置CCTV之目標價值，本研究採方法目的鏈(Means-End Chain; MEC)，並以階梯法中的軟式階梯作為對76位高雄市楠梓區里民深度訪談的資料蒐集工具，再透過三位編碼人員分析的高信度資料中，定義出16項屬性、18項結果與7項價值，最後從形成的顯著「屬性－結果利益－價值」鏈結關係，繪製了CCTV階層性價值圖(Hierarchical Value Map; HVM)。研究結果確認民眾對於公共空建設置CCTV的四條關鍵「屬性-結果-價值」鏈結關係，分別是安全措施-影像資料缺乏法律保障-專屬法律及專責管理單位、公正有益-滿街都是監視器-安全感、嚇阻犯罪-約束違法行為-安全感及交通流量估算-預先疏導措施-道路交通順暢。本研究最後並依此發現，進行相關的討論、結論、意涵及後續研究建議。
並列摘要
When referring to human right, privacy is perceived to have the most ambiguous definition and boundary. Meanwhile, closed-circuit television (CCTV) has the most apparent and immediate effect in fighting against and preventing crime. Currently, the CCTV, featuring “non-stoppable”, “obvious” and “omnipresent” application and used to create secure surroundings, has already become a prevailing existence in Taiwan. However, setting CCTV in public space may relate to violating citizen’s privacy, and consequently, a comprehensive protective law is desirable. Nevertheless, even now, Taiwanese society has not shaped broad and profound discussion to whether CCTV invades personal privacy, which may result from the different cultural background between Taiwan and the European and American counties, or the perception gap toward privacy and security among citizens. For most Taiwanese, they seem to have contrasting answers to whether CCTV violates personal privacy. This dissertation intended to address the above issues using a three-stage approach. First, analyzed the statistics, including CCTV legalization, citizens’ voting right, privacy right and security in one city district in Taiwan, as well as interviewed neighbourhood magistrates for addressing the relationship among community police, citizens’ security recognition, and issues infering information usage and privacy invasion by semi-structured interview analysis. The result indicates that the most important factor that drives citizens to install CCTV is their Sense of Security in daily life, containing sense of formless security and concrete fear, followed by their concern in privacy right. Second, CCTV-relevant literature was reviewed to facilitate a cross-country comparison among Taiwan, the United Kingdom (UK), and Japan; the UK and Japan have been the focus of most CCTV studies worldwide and in Asia, respectively. Using the analysis framework for balancing the safety and privacy, this study compared and contrasted CCTV legislation and privacy protection among the three countries. Comparison results indicated that the largest disparities in CCTV policy among Taiwan, Japan, and the UK were related to dissimilar regulations and cultures, but the three countries consistently adhered to the principle of protecting public privacy. Third, to explore people’s perceived CCTV values in public areas, this research adopted means-end chain approach for conducting interviews to 76 citizens in Nan-Tzu District in Kaohsiung City in Taiwan. Through the analyses of three coders, 16 attributes, 18 consequences, and 7 values were identified for drawing the hierarchical value map according to the attribute-consequence-value chain relationships. Four critical attribute-consequence-value chains are confirmed, including safety measure-image lacking law protection-dedicated regulations and management agency, benefits to general public-CCTVs everywhere-safety sense, crime prevention-illegal behavior constraints-safety sense, and traffic flow estimation- pre-mitigation measure-smooth road traffic. Relevant discussions, conclusions, implications and future research suggestions are presented based on the above results.