運用地理資訊系統建立考古遺址預測模型的案例

Using GIS to Establish a Predictive Model for Archaeolgical Sites : A Case Study

吳偉鴻(Ng-Wai Hung)

《考古人類學刊》 84期 (2016/06) Pp. 39-76

https://doi.org/10.6152/jaa.2016.06.0002

摘要

「考古遺址預測模型」是研究自然和文化因素如何影響古人選擇其生活地點或聚落的方法之一。預測模型其實是一個假設，可以不斷被測試和驗證。遺址預測模型研究之基礎是聚落空間分佈和遺址資源域；在地理資訊系統支援下，預測模型有長足發展。古人選擇聚落或生活地點受制於自然與文化環境因素，如瞭解該等因素，則有利於考古學家研究哪裡是考古潛質地區。本文以香港高鐵工程為例，總結和討論考古調查如何應用遺址預測模型。以自然因素而言，選擇聚落或生活地點之重要決定因素有食物、淡水水源、、石材、地形、高程、土壤、風向和坐向等。在文化因素方面，則根據高鐵車廠內發現的明代聚落遺跡與深圳市西部大鵬半島明清村落進行對比研究，從而討論觀念系統如何影響人們選擇其聚落地點。

關鍵字

考古遺址預測模型 ； 考古敏感程度地圖 ； 專題圖層 ； 人地關係 ； 人我關係

並列摘要

A predictive model for archaeological sites is a useful for the study of how natural and cultural factors affected the selection of living or settlement locations among ancient peoples. In fact, the model works as a testable and verifiable hypothesis. The predictive model has its roots in settlement spatial pattern and site catchment analysis and is greatly enhanced by GIS technology. Ancient people were closely tied to natural and cultural environments; by understanding these factors, archaeologists will be able to narrow their searches to potential archaeological sites. This paper demonstrates an application of GIS using an example of a site predictive model in an archaeological investigation for the Hong Kong high-speed railway construction project. In terms of natural environmental factors, aspects such as food, fresh water, raw materials for stone artifacts, landscape, elevation, soil, and wind are regarded as significant determinants for ancient people when choosing their living or settlement locations. For cultural factors, this paper is based on a comparison between existing Ming-Qing villages nearby and Ming Dynasty settlement remnants unearthed within the railway depot site to discuss how ideological systems affect settlement locations.

並列關鍵字

archaeological site predictive model ； archaeological sensitive map ； thematic coverage ； man-land relationship ； man-man relationship

參考文獻

Kohler, Timothy A., and Sandra C. Parker 1986 Predictive Models for Archaeological Resource Location. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 9: 397-452.

Roper, Donna C.1979 The Method and Theory of Site Catchment Analysis: A Review. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 2: 119-140.

Watson, Patty Jo, Steven A. LeBlanc, and Charles L. Redman 1971 Explanation in Archaeology: An Explicitly Scientific Approach. New York: Columbia University Press.

中山大學人類學系2000《香港西貢蠔涌考古搶救發掘報告》。香港特區政府檔案（未出版）。

中國歷史文化遺產保護網委員會年代不詳 〈GIS在石窟寺的應用〉。http://www.wenbao.net/wbw_admin/news_view.asp?newsid=2157，2013年9月13日上線。"