王士禛杜詩批評析辨

Analysis of Wang Shizhen's Criticism on the Poetry of Tu Fu

徐國能(Kuo-Neng Hsu)

《漢學研究》 24卷1期 (2006/06) Pp. 323-353

摘要

杜甫詩在宋代以降無論氣韻內涵、字句章法，多為後人所宗法，也影響了我國詩學崇尚雄渾、標榜才力的審美傳統。清初王士禛以清空澹遠的神韻美學領袖詩壇，論詩專取王維、韋應物一脈，隱隱然有改革我國詩學審美取向之勢。王士禛既法王、韋，主張味外味之尋覓，那麼他對長期以來被奉為正宗的杜詩，勢必有所詮解。歷來論者，多以王士禛不喜杜詩為定論，然實際上王士禛不僅沒有全面否定杜詩，亦曾對杜詩加以揄揚。據本文之分析，王士禛對杜詩態度曖昧，他巧妙地透過選本與批評，以各有領域、互擅勝場的方式解決杜詩與神韻說的衝突，一方面避免與詩學傳統全然決裂，一方面亦為神韻說爭取到立論的空間。由此論題延伸，乃見我國詩學始終存在著杜詩的影響，而神韻說這種在手法或語言上更接近純詩(pure poetry)的風格，反而被排擠到了邊綠，連王士禛本人在詩學上的成就，亦在杜詩龐大的影響下被問接地否定了。
是故王士禛的杜詩批評並非只是個人好惡，而有著我國詩歌美學本位之爭的意義，故本論文以「王士禛與杜詩批評」、「王士禛評杜實況」、「王士禛杜詩批評的詩學意義」等章節，對上述問題稍作蠡測。

關鍵字

王士禛漁洋 ； 神韻說 ； 杜甫 ； 清詩 ； 文學批評

並列摘要

Chinese literary circles have esteemed Tu Fu杜甫 to be the established master in poetry since the Song Dynasty. His successors followed the examples of his poetry in terms of poetic style, content, syntax, as well as the method of organization. The poetry of Tu Fu set up the convention of Chinese verse that encouraged a powerful and imposing manner in writing, and advocated the creator's talent. Among the mainstream of literary critics, Wang Shizhen王士禛(1634-1711) upheld a new taste for poetic aesthetics. He proposed the Spiritual Mood of a poem that connoted an appealing elegance with an air of purity, emptiness, and tranquil simplicity. He exemplified the poetry of Wang Wei王維 and Wei Yingwu韋應物, instead of Tu Fu, to show the interest of taste beyond. As for Wang Shizhen, critics always concluded that he depreciated Tu Fu. However, the author of this paper argues that Wang Shizhen took an ambiguous attitude toward Tu Fu. He cunningly evaded confrontation with the orthodox schools who supported Tu Fu. On the other hand, he strove for a standpoint to present his thesis of the Spiritual Mood by means of well-advised selection and objective comments from the perspective of aesthetics. Based on this topic, it is evident that Tu Fu had a great influence on Chinese poetry, while the theory of Spiritual Mood might be closer to the style of pure poem in respect of its skill and language. Unfortunately, the literary achievements of Wang Shizhen in poetry had been edged out and denied by the mainstream of the Tu Fu School.
This paper intends to re-appraise the importance of Wang Shizhen in terms of poetic aesthetics and clarify the value of Wang's criticism on the poetry of Tu Fu.

並列關鍵字

Wang Shizhen王士禛 ； theory of Spiritual Mood ； Tu Fu杜甫 ； poetry in the Qing Dynasty ； literary criticism

參考文獻

明胡應麟(1973)。詩藪。臺北:廣文書局。

清金聖嘆(1984)。杜詩解。上海:上海古籍出版社。

清王士禛(1984)。池北偶談。臺北:漢京出版社。

清王士祺著、惠楝、金榮注(1992)。漁洋精華錄集注。濟南:齊魯書社。

清王士祺(1993)。四庫筆記小說叢書。上海:上海古籍出版社。