談「的」字（準）定語結構－以四縣客家話名物化為例

本文從比較句法的角度，考察四縣客家話的名物化現象，並且和國語相對照。主要針對表領屬的定語用法，以及作動名詞短語使用的準定語，探討（準）定語的內部句法結構和語義詮釋，定位「的」句法地位。客家話的動名詞短語受到有生性（animacy）影響，呈現主語、賓語不對稱性，可見句法運作和詞彙語義特徵之間的交立作用。句法上，客家話「个」（的）在動名詞結構和定語結構，擔任不同的句法功能。定語結構的「个」擔任「敘述語」（Relator），建立所有者和領有物之間的主述關係；動名詞短語的「个」則為「聯結語」（Linker），投射出指示語以進行「述語反轉」（Predicate Inverse），聯結施事者和動作行為、完成名物化。客家方言提供了比較語法研究平臺，釐清準定語和定語兩者句法、語義的差異，同時觀察到有生性之於句法運作，不僅在客家話的名物化，更具跨語言性的影響。

關鍵字

客家；定語；名物化；述語反轉；有生性；比較語法

並列摘要

This paper is a comparative study of gerundive constructions in Sixian Hakka and Mandarin Chinese. A fine syntactic structure is articulated to account for asymmetries within the gerundive constructions. In term s of methodology, this paper adopts the movement approach to demonstrate syntactic operations in gerundive phrases, and further proposes that the subject-object asymmetries of Hakka gerundive phrases are closely related to the morphological features of the ge-complement (Greenberg 1963, Harley and Ritter 2002). Such morphological features are crucial for the syntactic feature to be active and then successfully trigger V-to-Nom movement, building up the NomP (Huang 1997, 2008, Tang 2008). Moreover, the attributive-gerundive alternative ge-phrase exemplifies a case of Predicate Inversion (den Dikken 2006, Moro 1997), resulting from ge's dual grammatical functions , Relator and Linker. Ge in attributive phrases serves as a Relator, establishing the predication relationship between possess or and posses see, while serving as a Linker, the opposite role to the Relator, to project a specifier position for Predicate Inversion, giving the gerundive interpretation . Overall, this comparative study provides an ideal testing ground for the syntactic-semantic correspondence between the gerundive and attributive phrases. More interestingly, the animacy hierarchy is a crucial cross -linguistic factor in syntactic operations.