試論唐代前期官方對人物祠祀的政策

The Policies of the Central Government toward the Shrines and Tombs of Historical Figures in the First Half of the Tang Dynasty

廖宜方(Liao Yi-fang)

《漢學研究》 35卷4期 (2017/12) Pp. 135-172

摘要

本文旨在研究國家與社會在地方祠祀之互動，在研究取徑上有兩項特點：一、以人物祠祀為對象，不論山川等其他類型。二、以唐代前期為範圍。因為地方祠祀的對象眾多、性質互異，發展因素不盡相同。以朝廷措施而言，唐代前期具有自成一格的時代特性：隋煬帝、唐太宗下令各地修建、祭祀人物祠墓，乃隋唐官方政策的起點。其後武則天、唐玄宗透過恩赦詔書繼續推行。此過程中，皇帝出行路祭也有強化的作用。歷經百餘年，官方基於尊崇人物典範、提倡儒家價值的政教觀念，祭祀對象隱然形成一套體系，涵蓋了歷史上君臣聖賢，從先代帝王、文儒武將到忠孝義烈的臣民。本文的發現解釋了封賜制度未能說明的人物祠祀，以及唐五代史料有大量人物祠墓記載的現象。

關鍵字

地方祠祀 ； 聖賢祭祀 ； 祠廟 ； 墓冢 ； 國家祭祀

並列摘要

Studies on the popular cults have seldom categorized them. The cults of mountains and rivers, demons, monsters, and human figures are often lumped together. This article specifically concerns the worship of human figures and explores the attitudes of emperors and the policies of the central government toward the shrines and tombs of past worthies. The era under consideration lasted from Emperor Xiaowen 孝文 of the Northern Wei 北魏 dynasty to Emperor Xuanzong 玄宗 of the Tang dynasty. The research is divided into three major parts: the repair and maintenance of the tombs; worship performed by emperors during their travels; and central government’s policies towards the foundation of local cults. Based on these three aspects, this article describes the formation of the tradition of paying tribute to historical worthies from medieval times. Emperor Xiaowen set the precedent for this tradition, which was further institutionalized during the Sui and Tang dynasties. Finally, under the regime of Emperor Xuanzong, the central government designated a list of 45 historical worthies. Together with the worship of past emperors and worship at Confucius temples and Martial God temples, they constituted the worship of historical worthies at the highest level.

並列關鍵字

Local shrines and temples ； worship of worthies ； ancestral temples ； tombs and mausolea ； state ritual

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