「齊元」之爭與「高祖」更易－高歡、高洋歷史地位的改換

Contentions Over the Founding Year of the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Title of ＂Gaozu＂: The Historical Status of Gao Huan and Gao Yang

胡勝源(Hu Sheng-yuan)

《漢學研究》 38卷2期 (2020/06) Pp. 91-132

摘要

魏孝武帝西奔關中使東魏人心渙散，高歡以高度尊君穩定眾心，與孝靜帝君臣始終，其子高洋卻違逆眾意毅然篡位。魏收因協助高洋代魏平步青雲，也為魏齊易代建構理論根據，除在北齊國史撰寫中，以高歡於韓陵戰勝爾朱氏為北齊元年，塑造高洋取代「魏德」的「齊德」外，更把高洋的廟號、諡號定為「高祖文宣帝」以與北魏高祖孝文帝比擬，營造取代「有孝文風」之孝靜帝的正當性。魏收之往後說雖遭祖珽、陽休之挑戰一度挫敗，但在同黨趙彥深協助，及後輩李德林一家掌握北齊國史話語權下，高歡、高洋的歷史地位最終為之改換，影響至今不絕。本文的發現有助於檢視《魏書》、《北齊書》、《北史》書寫背後的權力斧鑿痕跡，亦能以此反思孝文帝典範對東魏北齊政治演變的影響。

關鍵字

北齊 ； 高歡 ； 高洋 ； 魏收

並列摘要

The fleeing of Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei 孝武帝 (r. 532-535) west to Guanzhong led to the disintegration of the Northern Wei dynasty and the formation of the Eastern Wei dynasty. By being highly respectful towards Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei 孝靜帝 (r. 534-550) , Gao Huan 高歡 (496-547) stabilized both the people's support and the general circumstances, and all throughout remained in the role of subject to Emperor Xiaojing. His son Gao Yang 高洋, Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi 文宣帝 (r. 550-559), however, dismissed the opinions of others, resolutely claiming the throne for himself. Through assisting Gao Yang in his endeavor to usurp the Wei dynasty, Wei Shou 魏收 (507-572) obtained various high official positions, as well as constructing a theoretical basis for the establishment of the Northern Qi dynasty. Within his compiled dynastic histories, Wei Shou defined Gao Huan's rebellion and triumph against the Erzhus 爾朱 at Hanling as the founding year of the Northemn Qi. thereby constructing a ＂moral mandate of the Qi＂ 齊德 to supersede the ＂moral mandate of the Wei＂ 魏徳. In addition. he also conferred the dynastic title ＂Gaozu (Exalted Progenitor) Emperor Wenxuan＂ 高祖文宣帝 to Gao Yang as his temple and memorial names, so that it would draw a parallel with Gaozu Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei 孝文帝 (r. 471-499) . This constructed the authority and legitimacy for Gao Yang to replace Emperor Xiaojing. who was considered to ＂possess the manners of Emperor Xiaowen＂ 有李文風, Although Wei Shou's arguments within his compiled Wei Shu 魏書 were later challenged and thwarted by Zu Ting 祖珽 (550-577) and Yang Xiuzhi 陽休之 (509-582) , with collaboration from Zhao Yanshen趙彥深and the family of Li Delin 李德林 (530-590) of the following generation, they controlled a discursive authority over the compilation of the dynastic history of the Northern Qi as well as altering the historical status of both Gao Huan and Gao Yang, an influence which has lasted to this day. The discoveries in this article serve to help reexamine the traces of the power struggles and historical constructions behind the writing of Wei Shu, Bei Qi Shu 北齊書, and Bei Shi 北史, and to reflect upon the influence of the iconic status of Emperor Xiaowen on the political shifts during the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi.

並列關鍵字

the Northern Qi dynasty ； Gao Huan高歡 ； Gao Yang高洋 ； Wei Shou魏收

參考文獻

西晉．陳壽，《三國志》，北京：中華書局，1959，點校本。

北齊．魏收，《魏書》，北京：中華書局，1956，點校本。

唐．房玄齡，《晉書》，北京：中華書局，1974，點校本。

唐．令狐德棻，《周書》，北京：中華書局，1971，點校本。

唐．李百藥，《北齊書》，北京：中華書局，1972，點校本。