蘭嶼達悟族傳統聚落擇址與家屋構造型態的生態適應

達悟族為現今居住於蘭嶼島之主體族群，其聚落分散於東部、北部及西部的海岸邊，面對季節風害及細緻的地域化區位條件，聚落擇址似乎有其內在之規則性。達悟族的傳統家屋建築依照機能類形，主要可區分為主屋、高屋及涼亭三種獨立的建築體，三者位於同一塊宅地，文獻中經常見到以「地下屋」、「穴居」、「干欄式」等用詞來指稱蘭嶼達悟族傳統的家屋形式，此有混淆家屋中不同機能類形建築體的構造形式與基地環境關係之疑慮。本文擬對上述問題依據文獻及現地調查資料，予以釐清及再定義。傳統時期的聚落擇址與建築形式經常回應族群適應在地生態環境的文化力挑選歷程，因此，本文除探究達悟族聚落擇址的影響因子，亦將確認傳統家屋建築多樣的機能類型表現對應構造型態之關係，同時，觀察建築構造形態反映的族群適應自然環境之可能調整方式以及最終呈現結果。期能更貼近家屋建築形式展現的族群文化思維，以及與島嶼生態環境之關係。

關鍵字

達悟族；家屋；地下屋；干欄式；生態適應

並列摘要

Dawu are the main group people who living in Lanyu Island. Their settlements are scattered along the coasts in the east, north and west. Faced with seasonal wind damage and meticulous geographical location conditions, settlement location seems to have its inherent regularity. According to the functional type, the traditional house construction can be divided into three independent buildings: the main house, the high house and the pavilion, and the three are located in the same house. The literature often refers to the traditional house form of the Dawu people in Lanyu with terms such as ＂underground house＂, ＂cave house＂, and ＂stilt house＂. Concerns about the relationship between the base and the environment, this article intends to clarify and redefine the above-mentioned problems based on literature and field survey data. Settlement site selection and architectural forms in the traditional period often respond to the cultural selection process of ethnic groups adapting to the local ecological environment. Therefore, in addition to exploring the factors affecting the site selection of the Dawu ethnic group, this article will also confirm the corresponding performance of the diverse functional types of traditional homes and buildings. At the same time, observe the possible adjustment methods of the ethnic groups reflected in the architectural structure to adapt to the natural environment and the final results. Expect to be closer to the ethnic cultural thinking displayed by the architectural form of the home and the relationship with the island’s ecological environment.