以K-means運用於營造業重大職災風險準則之擬定

營建產業與一般行業有著本質上的不同，一般行業通常由固定勞工在固定的作業環境中進行常規的作業，勞工對其作業環境較為熟悉，而營建業的工作內容及作業環境複雜，工作地點也時常變更。因此，無論是臺灣或其他國家營造業都是高風險性的行業，其職業災害發生率相較於其他行業也高出許多。各國對營造業的職災風險多有相關研究也提出建設性的建議，但至今營造業發生重大職災事故仍高於其他行業。基於風險矩陣法存在主觀及分類不嚴謹等缺點，本研究從職災類型的角度全面考量營造業工作環境的危害因子，並利用K-means進行職災類型風險分級，建立營造工程風險評估技術指引依據，消除該指引風險矩陣法的主觀性與低判性。研究結果顯示，2005－2015年的整體災害風險以集群3（物體倒（崩）塌及感電）及集群4（墜落／滾落）的災害類型屬高風險區；集群2屬中風險區域可列為持續觀察之對象；集群1、集群5及集群6則屬低風險區域，僅需持續關注無須處置。本研究成果可提供營造業施工階段之風險評估者一個客觀的參考依據，使評估結果能脫離主觀之判斷，以降低職災發生之風險。

關鍵字

職業災害；集群分析法；風險評估；風險矩陣；風險準則

並列摘要

The construction industry is intrinsically different from other industries. In other industries, workers are well adapted to routine operations in a fixed workplace. In construction industry, nevertheless, the work content is complicated, and the workplace is altered frequently. Therefore, this industry has been regarded as a high-risk industry in Taiwan or in other countries as well as the incidence rate of the occupational accidents. Although relevant studies from various countries offer useful suggestions, the number of major occupational accidents is still higher than other industries. Due to the drawbacks of the risk matrix method e.g. subjectivity and inexplicit classification, the object of this study widely considers the hazard factors of this industry's workplace based on the occupational accidents. The K-means is applied to classify the risks of their types, and a technical guideline for the risk assessment of construction engineering is settled to eliminate the drawback of the risk matrix method. The results indicate the accident types of cluster 3 (collapse and electric shock) and 4 (falling/rolling) are high-risk areas; cluster 2 is a medium-risk area to be observed continuously; clusters 1, 5 and 6 are low-risk areas that require continuous observation without any further action. This study can provide an objective reference for a construction phase about risk assessment, keeping it away from subjective judgments. This can reduce the risk of occupational accidents.

並列關鍵字

Occupational disaster ； K-means ； Risk assessment ； Risk matrix ； Risk criteria

參考文獻

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