As medical technology continues to improve, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) for children who received myeloablative chemotherapy can increase long-term survival rate. Whole brain radiation for brain tumor patients younger than 3-year-old often causes growth retardation and decreases learning ability. Myeloablative chemotherapy with auto-HSCT can delay the need for whole brain radiation. The average ages of patients who undergo auto-HSCT are younger. The nursing staffs need to evaluate their clinical conditions carefully in order to detect and manage any complication early. In this article, we introduce different types of brain tumor standard therapies and the critical point of clinical care. We also mention the impact to the families of patients undergoing auto-HSCT. The aim of this article is to improve the quality of nursing care via the enhancement of care knowledge among nursing staff.