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組織性學術自由權的民主解讀-公立大學種族入學政策合憲性之美國法比較思考

Institutional Academic Freedom-The Constitutionality of Public University's Race-Conscious Admission Policy

摘要


美國聯邦最高法院曾就公立大學的種族入學政策之合憲性作成多件判決,然而,此些判決意見卻被批評對於國家行為所引發的種族平等爭議,欠缺意見的一致性。Grutter法院某程度澄清了組織性學術自由權乃受美國聯邦憲法增修條文第1條保障的憲法權利,並且提供組織性學術自由另一個憲法理論基礎的思考-民主強化理論,用以補強真理追求理論的不足,以作為大學自治權限的憲法基礎。而於比較法的思考上,本文主張應可透過司法院釋字第563號解釋引入民主強化理論,以應付未來類如大學種族入學政策、大學校園劃設言論廣場,或大學管制校園種族歧視言論等規範之合憲性檢驗。由於民主強化理論的作用,補強了大學種族入學政策之合憲目的-學生多元主體性;此外於緊密剪裁手段的要求上,因入學政策涉及學術核心事務,法院應尊重大學自主決策權限,從而,並不要求大學必須窮盡所有種族中立替代方法後,方得採用種族偏好手段;只要能本於嚴肅,忠實地考量過可行的種族中立替代方法而不可得後,即有採用的可能。然而,畢竟種族入學政策危及種族平等保障,故仍須符合嚴格審查標準的檢驗,因此在手段上,Grutter法院強調種族入學政策必須符合整體性、彈性化與個人化設計。職此,種族因素只能是一個可能的加分因子,且偏好作用不能取得決定性的影響。Grutter法院之見解,嘗有論者質疑是否已受到Parents Involved法院所修正。聯邦第五巡迴上訴法院於Fisher案的判決,提供了自Parents Involved案後第一個檢驗的機會。Fisher法院再次確認了Grutter案中關於公立大學種族入學政策的相關見解,並重申Grutter的判決先例拘束力;其中關於就組織性學術自由權的民主傾向之證立方法論,尤其值得為進一步的後續發展觀察。

並列摘要


The constitutionality of public universities' race-conscious admission policies have been decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in a couple of cases. However, the Court has been criticized that it lacks a consistent view to determine state actions of the race equality issue. Some still doubted whether the First Amendment protects institutional academic freedom (university autonomy). This essay will start from the university's special role under the First Amendment and discuss constitutional academic freedom jurisprudence under the First Amendment, in particular institutional academic freedom. With an aim to better illustrate the institutional academic freedom of universities, this essay proposes to focus on universities' enhancing democracy mission instead of the conventional approach which relied on universities' truth-seeking mission. After presenting the benefits of distinguishing a truth-seeking approach from a democracy-function approach, this essay concludes with an analysis of the landmark cases of universities' race-conscious admission policies-Grutter v. Bollinger and Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin by applying the universities' enhancing democracy mission.

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