張君勱議會（責任）內閣制主張之研究（1922－1947）

A Study on Carsun Chang's Perspectives ofParliamentary System (l922-1947)

薛化元(Hua-Yuan Hsueh)

《國立政治大學歷史學報》 16期 (1999/05) Pp. 123-146

https://doi.org/10.30383/TJH.199905_(16).0004

摘要

整體而言，張君勱引進國外的憲政制度，配合中國現代史特殊歷史時空條件，所提出的「議會（責任）內閣制」主張，不僅是其個思想的展現，更由於其在中華民國憲法起草、制定的過程中，扮演舉足輕重的角色，而對中華民國憲法體制有不容忽視的影響。由於目前國內一般使用的總統制或內閣制的概念，與張氏的主張皆有相當大的差異，所以本文試圖從西方「議會（責任）內閣制」的歷史發展及類型切入，重新思考早年即引介德國威瑪憲法，並積極尋求在中國落實憲政體制的張君勱，所設計的政府體制之定位。發現二元型「議會（責任）內閣制」比起其他制度，在學理上，似乎更能解釋「國憲草案」、政協十二項原則、「政協憲草」仍至「中華民國憲法」體制。但是，張君勱基於政局安定的理由，行政權的力量基本上都較立法權強勢（十二項原則是其中此一傾向較不明顯的）。而二者未能維持「均衡」，則正好說明以此為前提的二元型「議會（責任）內閣制」，不能完全有效解釋此一政府體制構成原理的理由。特別是，從「國憲草案」、「政協憲草」一直到「中華民國憲法」，總統都不是直接民選產生，正當性基礎常常不足與直接民選的國會（立法院）相抗衡，行政權卻處於較優位的地位，在學理上的基礎也就薄弱了。

關鍵字

張君勱；議會（責任）內閣制；政協憲草；中華民國憲法

並列摘要

Carsun Chang ( Zhang Junmai張君勱， 1886-1969) is one of the representatives of the Neo-Confucian school, and a draftsman of constitution in modern China. This paper tries to analyze his perspectives of parliamentary system from 1922. to 1947. This paper focuses on the true meaning of cabinet institution that Chang drafted in the constitution of the Republic of China. According to the recent research, the head of state is powerless, and the executive power belongs to cabinet under the parliamentary system. However, in the beginning, the king of England was powerful and the cabinet must be under his charged. This paper discusses the different types of parliamentary system, proved that the head of state building his legitimacy on traditional monarchy or the sovereignty of the nation could own the power under the political system although the cabinet existed. Through the historical examination, we can understand the constitution Chang drafted called Parliamentary system; however, the president can gain the executive power also.

並列關鍵字

Carsun Chang； parliamentary system； cabinet； the constitution of the Republic of China