清代閩北客強土弱現象與地方應對

The Phenomenon of Strong-immigrant and Weak-native and Local Measures in North Fujian During Qing Dynasty

陳啟鐘(Chen, Chi-chong)

《臺灣師大歷史學報》 56期 (2016/12) Pp. 51-110

https://doi.org/10.6243/BHR.2016.056.051

摘要

本文旨在探討清代閩北社會客民流入原因，和由此導致的土、客異勢，並從土、客糾紛、矛盾中考察土著和地方官府的處理情況，以及因應客強土弱局面，土著和地方官採取的特殊措施。閩北地理環境加上清代當地的動亂破壞，致使大量客民流入，掌控經濟命脈，形成客強土弱之勢，並引發土、客糾紛與矛盾，且使用國家力量解決問題。在小規模突發性土、客糾紛中，從案件審判過程與結果來看，閩北地方官在處理事件時，多能依據實際情況合理裁決，較少出現護土欺客現象，而在大範圍長期性土、客矛盾中所採取的措施，則無法有效解決問題。為調和土、客關係，清末浦城縣土著與順昌縣地方官主動開放客民入籍應試，他們期望藉由加速變客為土以消弭土、客之分，使雙方能共同努力建設地方。

關鍵字

清代 ； 福建 ； 土客關係 ； 開籍應試 ； 地方社會

並列摘要

This article aims to discuss the reasons of immigration into North Fujian in Qing Dynasty and the power imbalance between the natives and the immigrants. It explores the response of the local government to adapt to the situation of strong-immigrant and weak-native. The geographical environment and local convulsions in North Fujian during Qing Dynasty brought about large-scale immigration. The situation of strong-immigrant and weak-native was the result of immigrants' gaining control of the local economy. In terms of disputes resolution between the natives and the immigrants, it is found that national power was utilized. It is also discovered that local officials are more neutral in handling individual cases but less effective in handling the overall situation. To cope with the strong-immigrant and weak-native reality, Pucheng County and Shunchang County adopted the policy of naturalizing immigrants in Late Qing Dynasty with the hope to improve the relationship between the natives and the immigrants.

並列關鍵字

Qing dynasty ； Fujian ； relation of natives and immigrant ； local society

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