氣溫與日射量對水稻期作性與他區性產量差異之影響

Seasonal and Regional Differences in Rice Grain Yield in Response to Air Temperature and Solar Radiation

蔡全川(Jin-Chuan Tsai)

《中華農業研究》 38卷1期 (1989/03) Pp. 19-29

https://doi.org/10.29951/JARC.198903.0002

摘要

本試驗以梗稻臺農67號與秈稻嘉農秈11號爲材料，於1977-1982年分別於臺北及臺中地區連續進行六年之田間試驗，目的在探討氣象因子對產量及其構成因素的影響，並於期作間及地區間進行比較。綜合而言，第一期作之產量高於第二期作，臺中地區之產量較臺北爲高，而臺農67號較嘉農秈11號高產；穀粒產量與一株穗數及千粒重呈相同之變化趨勢。期作間之一穗穎花數差異在地區間之表現相反，尤以嘉農秈11號在臺北地區二期作之一穗穎花數最少，爲產量低落的主要原因。
第一期作移值後45日內平均氣溫及日射量與水稻產量表現爲正相關，並以臺北地區最爲明顯；高氣溫與日射量可促進稻株分葉，經由增加一株穗數而提高產量。臺中地區第一期作水稻分藥期之氣溫與日射量較臺北地區爲高，一株穗數與穀粒產量亦有相同的表現。
第二期作臺北地區水稻移值後40日內平均氣溫與產量呈負相關，過高之溫度不利於稻株分蘗，因而導致產量降低；臺中地區亦有相似表現，唯一株穗數及產量均較臺北地區爲高。第二期作水稻抽穗後氣溫及日射量均大幅下降，可能致使結實率與千粒重降低；但臺中地區之氣象條件仍優於臺北地區，應爲產量較高的主要因素。

並列摘要

Rice cultivars Tainung 67 (japonica) and Chianung sen 11 (indica) were grown in Taipei and Taichung area from 1977 to 1982 to investigate the influence of climatic factors on the yield performance of rice crop. Comparisons between crop seasons and locations were emphasized. In general, grain yield was higher in the first crop and Taichung area than in the second crop and Taipei area, respectively. Tainung 67 cultivar outyielded Chianung sen 11 in most of the experiments. Changes in grain yield was in accordance with those of spikelet number per panicle and 1,000-grain-weight. On the other hand, there was a negative relationship between spikelet number per panicle and seed-setting percentage. Seasonal difference in spikelet number per panicle was different between Taichung and Taipei locations. The most significant case was Chianung sen 11 cultivated in the second crop at Taipei where the bw grain yield was considered to be caused primarily by low spikelet number per panicle.
Mean daily temperature and solar radiation during the 45-day period after transplanting in the first crop was positively correlated with grain yield, particularly for rice cultivated in Taipei area. High temperature and solar radiation were considered beneficial to the tillering ability of rice crop and hence grain yield was increased through high panicle number per hill. Comparison on the effect of climatic conditions between Taichung and Taipei areas also revealed the same results.
On the contrary, mean daily temperature during the period of 40 days after transplanting showed negative correlation with grain yield in the second crop season in Taipei area. Temperature higher than optimum during vegetative growth period of rice plants tended to inhibit tillering and therefore decreased grain yield. Similar conclusion was obtained in Taichung experiments, however, panicle number per hill and grain yield were higher than those in Taipei area. Temperature and solar radiation decreased markedly during the grain-filling period of the second crop rice which might impair seed- setting percentage and 1,000-grain-weight. Climatic condition, which were more suitable for grain development in Taichung than in Taipei, was considered the main factor in causing yield difference between the two locations.