戰略與軍事效能關係之研究

A Study on Relationship between Strategy and Military Effectiveness

陳偉華(Wei-Hwa Chen)

《復興崗學報》 105期 (2014/12) Pp. 37-62

摘要

自克勞塞維茲以降，研究戰略者莫不將戰略視為以達成政治目的為首要目標，以軍事武力為必要手段。因此，軍事效能的展現，無疑是遂行戰略的核心議題。問題是，政治目的的達成未必須動用軍事武力，且軍事效能的成功也不必然等於政治目的的達成，這也使得戰略在以政治目的為前導的條件下，思考軍事效能時，不一定仰仗軍事武力的成功。遺憾的是，戰略上慣常使用軍事武力的真正用意，並非思考軍事效能是否適用，反而是考量軍事武力能否立即使用。簡言之，政策上使用軍事武力，並非考慮其效用上的適用性，而是因其可以發揮立即且好用的特性，所以優先採用軍事武力。美國發動第二次波灣戰爭與進兵阿富汗，相當程度上即是此一思維的延續。本文研究發現，理解戰略與軍事效能的關餘，理想上，可以澄清戰略在執行政策時，軍事效能究竟應該扮演何種角色。但在實務運作上，從戰略與政策實踐的角度來看，軍事效能的表現方式甚為多元，達成政治目的的手段也是多樣化。然而勉強使用軍事武力以支持國家政策目的時，軍事效能的優異表現，並不完全等同於政治目的的成功。

關鍵字

戰略 ； 軍事效能 ； 軍隊表現 ； 軍事外交 ； 戰鬥效能

並列摘要

Traditionally, researchers, since Clausewitz, have taken strategy that is aimed to carry out political purpose as their primary goal and use military force as a necessity. In this regard, military effectiveness has been seen as a core issue of strategy. However, achieving political purpose seems unnecessary using military means as a sole method, and success in military operation does not inevitably match with the success of achieving political aim. This has rendered a serious consideration that military effectiveness is not always reliable when political purpose is seen as a precondition for strategy. Unfortunately, reasons for using military forces frequently are not for its effectiveness but for its immediate convenience. In other words, the advantage for using military forces for policy is more on its rapid policy effect than on its necessity. Cases as US involvement into second US-Iraq War and US military invasion into Afghanistan apparently are legacy of such ideas. Thus, ideally, knowing the relations between strategy and military effectiveness could serve the purpose of verifying the role that military forces play in its carrying out policy aim. Nevertheless, in reality, the performance of military effectiveness, from the perspectives of strategic and policy implementation, should be waged in multiple ways on achieving political objectives. That is to say, performance of military effectiveness, sometimes, has not much to do with political aim in terms of using military force to carry out national policy.

並列關鍵字

strategy ； military effectiveness ； military performance ； military diplomacy ； combat effectiveness