軍職受撤職與不適服現役退伍差異關聯性之法制比較研析

A Comparative Legal Research on the Differences and Relevance of Dismissal of Military Post and Discharge due to Unsuitability for Active Service

匡廣進(Guang-Jing, Kuang) ； 劉育偉(Yu-Wei, Liu)

《復興崗學報》 118期 (2021/06) Pp. 1-21

摘要

不論軍人「撤職」或「不適服現役退伍」，皆有令現役軍人去職之法律效果，核屬剝奪軍人工作權與身分權之人事處分，影響軍人憲法服公職權益甚鉅。過去軍隊人事實務動輒將違失行為人予以「不適服現役退伍」汰除；然而「不適服現役」考評基準於適用上多呈現爭議，而軍人「撤職」更可以迅速與違失行為人切割，因此近年來實務上大多選擇軍人「撤職」，取代「不適服現役退伍」之趨勢。本文從軍人「撤職」或「不適服現役退伍」之現行規定、救濟制度，並從憲法上原理原則以及行政爭訟之案例，探究現行制度之缺失，且嘗試分析「撤職」與「不適服現役退伍」間關聯性及差異性，認為有必要豎立軍人「撤職」與「不適服現役退伍」之界碑，以避免恣意，並提出以令頒行政規則方式建立統一懲罰基準表，以及透過修改陸海空軍懲罰法及陸海空軍軍官士官考績條例等規定，明定軍人「撤職」與「不適服現役退伍」（一次記2大過、年度考績丙上以下）懲罰事由之建議，以供人事作業精進之參據。

關鍵字

撤職 ； 不適服現役 ； 懲罰 ； 考績 ； 退伍

並列摘要

Regardless of whether a soldier is ＂dismissed＂ or ＂discharged due to unsuitability for active duty,＂ it has the legal effect on causing the soldier to leave his or her post. This is a personnel punishment that deprives soldiers of their rights to work and identities, and it affects the rights and interests of soldiers to serve public office in accordance with the Constitution seriously. In the past, military personnel operations often eliminated perpetrators in the form of ＂unsuitability for active duty.＂ However, the application and the judgment of this criteria is often controversial. In particular, ＂dismissal＂ of military post can quickly separate the parties from the troops. Therefore, in recent years, this approach has been widely applied instead of ＂discharge due to unsuitability for active duty ＂ in practice. This article employs the Constitution principles and administrative litigation cases to discuss the deficiencies of the current system from the perspectives of present regulations and relief systems for military personnel ＂dismissal＂ or ＂unsuitability for active duty.＂ In addition, this article also attempts to analyze the correlation and difference between ＂dismissal＂ and ＂ unsuitability for active duty.＂ This article believes that it is necessary to set up a boundary marker between these two lines to avoid recklessness. Finally, we also propose to establish a unified punishment benchmark based on administrative rules, to list the punishments for military ＂dismissal＂ and ＂unsuitability from active service,＂ and to raise the legal status in relevant regulations, etc., for reference to improve the personnel regulations.

並列關鍵字

discharge ； dismissal ； unsuitability for active duty ； punishment ； performance appraisal