人為活動對空氣品質的影響－以高雄都會區的假期效應為例

The Impact of Human Activities on Air Quality-Holiday Effect of the Kaohsiung Metropolitan Area as an Example

談珮華(Pei-Hua Tan) ； 孫蓁儀(Chen-Yi Sun)

《地理學報》 74期 (2014/09) Pp. 1-29

https://doi.org/10.6161/jgs.2014.74.01

摘要

本研究藉由全面性及系統性的污染物資料分析，來探討高雄都會區的假期效應，即假日與非假日的污染物濃度差異是否具有統計的顯著性。假期效應的研究可應用到其他國家有相似的國定假日或文化節慶。高雄都會區1994～2010年春節與非春節期間，環保署7個地面測站結果顯示，NO_x、CO、NMHC、SO_2和PM_10濃度在春節及非春節期間的差異，均達到統計的顯著性，具有假期效應。以日平均資料而言，這五項污染物的濃度為非春節期間大於春節期間，而O_3則是非春節期間小於春節期間，但無假期效應。扣除空氣品質劣化日及元宵節日的實驗發現，二者對空污物濃度的假期效應影響不大。除了O_3以外，其它五項污染物在春節及非春節期間的差異，也可在日夜及年際變化中觀察到。在日夜變化方面，除了O_3以外，其他五項污染物皆在非春節期間，呈現一個明顯與交通流量有關的雙峰型態，在春節期間則此型態不明顯。O_3的日夜變化較複雜，呈現單高峰雙低谷的變化；中午前後是非春節期間大於春節期間，符合前驅物多，O_3產物多的關係，這可能與光化學反應與入射太陽輻射強度有關；而其他時段是非春節期間小於春節期間，存在著前驅物多而O_3產物少的關係，這可能是NO的滴定效應所致，特別是早上及下午交通尖峰而非線性光化學反應較弱時可觀察到。SO_2濃度的假期效應逐年在減弱，這是由於非春節期間遞減趨勢較春節期間遞減趨勢來得大；而其他污染物的假期效應則無顯著趨勢。高雄港船舶運輸量資料顯示，春節期間與非春節期間有顯著差異，與沿海地區的一般及工業測站做比對，有些測站污染物濃度的假期效應差值，與船舶資料假期效應差值在2007～2008年的變化是一致的，這顯示船舶活動可能會影響沿海地區的空氣品質，但尚需更精確資料來進一步驗證。此外，我們亦與Tan et al.（2009）臺北都會區空污物的假期效應做比較。

關鍵字

假期效應 ； 週末效應 ； 滴定效應 ； 高雄 ； 春節

並列摘要

Our study was an attempt to conduct a comprehensive and systematic examination of the holiday effect, defined as the difference in air pollutant concentrations between holiday and non-holiday periods, in the Kaohsiung metropolitan area. This holiday effect can be applied to other areas, regions, or countries with similar national or cultural holidays. We documented evidence of the ＂holiday effect＂, where concentrations of NO_x, CO, NMHC, SO_2 and PM_10 differed significantly between holidays and non-holidays, in the Kaohsiung metropolitan area. These concentrations are from daily surface measurements at seven air quality monitoring stations of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration during the Chinese New Year (CNY) and non-Chinese New Year (NCNY) periods of 1994-2010. Concentrations of these five pollutants were lower in the CNY than in the NCNY period, however, that of O_3 was higher in the CNY than in the NCNY period and had no holiday effect. Exclusions of days with poor air quality (PSI＞100) and the Lantern Festival Day did not significantly affect the holiday effects of air pollutants. Similar differences in the concentrations of the six air pollutants, except for O_3, between the CNY and NCNY periods also existed in the diurnal cycle and in the interannual variation. In the diurnal cycle, a common traffic-related double-peak variation was observed in the NCNY period, and a relatively smaller double-peak pattern was observed in the CNY period. Notably, O_3 had a complicated one-peak double-trough pattern: higher in the NCNY period than in the CNY period around noon, however, lower in the NCNY period than in the CNY period for the rest of the day. This finding implies the photochemical reactions and solar radiation intensity are dominant around noon and the NO titration effect exists during the early morning and afternoon traffic peaks when nonlinear photochemistry is relatively weak. During the 17-year period of 1994-2010, decreasing trends of SO_2 holiday effect was found: decreasing trend of SO_2 in the NCNY period was larger than that in the CNY period. However, other pollutants had non-significant trends in holiday effects. Ship data of Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau show a statistically significant difference in transportation during the CNY and NCNY periods. This difference was consistent with those found in air pollutant concentrations measured by some industrial and general stations in coastal areas, implying traffic may adversely affect air quality in coastal areas. The holiday effect of air pollutants over the Taipei metropolitan area by Tan et al. (2009) is also compared.

並列關鍵字

Holiday effect ； weekend effect ； titration effect ； Kaohsiung ； Chinese New Year

參考文獻

行政院主計總處 [Xing zhen yuan zhu ji zong chu; Directorate General of Budget Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R. O. C. (Taiwan)] 2010。行政院主計總處統計專區 [Zhu ji zong chu tong ji zhuan qu; Statistics provided by Directorate General of Budget Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R. O. C. (Taiwan)]。http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/np.asp?ctNode =2824 (擷取日期：2012.05.15)。

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