調適、批判與拼裝：從三種環境治理的視野重新檢視臺灣原住民族狩獵自主管理政策

Adaptation, Critical Approach and Assemblage: Re-examining the Policy of Indigenous Hunting Self-governance in Taiwan from three Environmental Governance Perspectives

呂翊齊(I-Chi Lu) ； 戴興盛(Hsing-Sheng Tai) ； 陳毅峰(Yi-Fong Chen) ； 張惠東(Huei-Tung Chang)

《地理學報》 105期 (2023/08) Pp. 65-102

https://doi.org/10.6161/jgs.202308_(105).0003

摘要

近年長久爭論的臺灣原住民族狩獵議題逐步再制度化，以部落分權為理念的狩獵自主管理計畫成為政策焦點。本文作者群以近六年參與計畫實作與制度設計的雙重經驗，重新檢視自主管理計畫的理論定位、目的、成效和政治處境。首先，本文以適應性治理為框架，說明目前自主管理的制度設計強調多元中心、彈性、做中學和地方自我組織的願景，試圖改變禁制性保育造成的社會問題；但狩獵不單是資源保育的行為，也是文化權利的表徵，地方人類社群的真實動機更為複雜多樣，且動態鑲嵌在部落政治之中，因此本文第二部分轉以批判取徑的制度論反身評價目前的計畫實作「不夠政治」及「不夠文化」的隱憂。最後，本文指出自主管理計畫的內在矛盾，在於面對龐大社會監督壓力之下，必須在制度轉型上推展一整套可控的階段性設計，同時又需證明異質的地方實作有所成效。不同層次間引發的牽制關係、侷限和迸發的可能性，可用「拼裝觀」加以理解，其中第三方學術機構作為拼裝者調解多邊緊張關係的角色極為關鍵。整體而言，本文嘗試開拓的思考途徑是，雖然理論上「調適的」、「批判的」以及「拼裝的」是三種殊異的治理視野，但實務上將其並列在適當位置，相互聯繫作為對照，才能豐富對當前政策的真實洞察，以期產生更有反身性批判力道的行動指引。

關鍵字

適應性治理 ； 批判制度論 ； 拼裝 ； 文化權 ； 制度化

並列摘要

The long-debated issue of indigenous hunting has been gradually re-institutionalized in recent years, with programs of indigenous hunting self-governance based on devolution become the focus of policy. This article re-examines theories, goals, effectiveness and politics of programs based on the dual experiences of the authors as practitioners and participants in institutional design. First, the current institutional design incorporates adaptive governance as a framework that emphasize polycentricity, flexibility, learning-by-doing and self-organization as means to solve social problems resulting from prohibited conservation. However, hunting is not only an act of conserving resources, but also a symbol of cultural right. Because the real motives of local human communities are complex, diverse and dynamically embedded in tribal politics, the second part of this study evaluates plans reflexively by critical-based institutionalism in order to address the concerns of being "not political enough" and "not cultural enough" in practice. In conclusion, this study argues that the inherent contradiction of policy lies in the requirement to develop a manageable set of phased design for institutional transformation in the face of enormous public pressures, while demonstrating the effectiveness of heterogenous local practices. The ties, constraints and possibilities that arise between different levels can be elucidated through "assemblage thinking" in which academics serve as mediators among multilateral tensions. Adaptation, critical approach and assemblage are theoretically different perspectives of governance, but in practice they can be brought together and contrasted in order to enrich real insights into current policy and yield more critical guidelines for action.

並列關鍵字

adaptive governance ； critical institutionalism ； assemblage thinking ； cultural right ； institutionalization

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