以觀音禮懺儀軌的觀點論－高麗水月觀音圖與念佛．觀想

陳明華

《美術學報》 4期 (2011/09) Pp. 127-173

https://doi.org/10.29872/JFA.201109.0004

摘要

高麗〈水月觀音圖〉觀音端坐於大圓光內的表現是其重要的圖像特徵。有可能藉此圖像，一方面象徵《華嚴經》所說「大圓鏡智」的教義內涵，另一方面也傳達密教儀軌書中所說進行觀想觀音時，觀音「安坐於月輪中」的意象。高麗〈水月觀音圖〉以描繪尊像為中心和大圓光的圖像表現，可能與當時天臺觀音懺法中重視「繫念數息」後的「觀佛實相妙身」，以及密教觀音觀行儀軌的「安坐於月輪中」的意象有密切的關係。現存高麗唯一的觀音禮懺文《白衣解》是以念誦滅業障的「觀自在菩薩心真言」為中心的懺悔儀式。《白衣解》中使用的「觀自在菩薩心真言」，可溯源自不空譯《聖觀自在菩薩心真言瑜珈觀行儀軌》，此真言為進行觀想觀音之前所誦念的真言。而高麗水月觀音的圖像構成表現，與不空譯的各種觀音儀軌經書的內容皆極為吻合。

關鍵字

高麗 ； 水月觀音 ； 念佛 ； 觀想 ； 月輪 ； 圖像 ； 禮懺儀軌 ； 密教

並列摘要

An important iconographic feature of the Goryeo Water-Moon Avalokitesvara images is the expression of Avalokitesvara sitting upright in the ”Great Gloria.” Through the display of this iconography, the doctrine of ”great perfect mirror wisdom” in the Avatamasaka sutra is symbolized, and the perspective of ”ensconced in the moon mirror” with respect to the inspiration of Avatamasakaism from the book of Tantrism is conveyed. The central-oriented position and ”Great Gloria” depiction of Avalokitesvara in the paintings of Goryeo are likely closely related to not only the emphasis placed on the ”contemplation of Buddha's real appearance and marvelous body” following the need to ”be anxious about and to cultivate the practice of tranquility” found in the Tiantai sect's contemplations and confessions of the time, but also the image of ”sitting tranquilly in the gloria” as described in the Avalokitesvara Esotericism Rituals. The only existing Goryeo Avalokitesvara Confession Text, ”Solution of White Dress (白衣解),” is a ceremony of repentance centering on the ”Mantra in the Lotus Realm (觀自在菩薩心真言),” which eliminates the hindrance of karma by recitation. The ”Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva Mantra,” used in ”Solution of White Dress,” is derived from the ”Holy Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva Mantra Yoga Contemplation Ritual;” this mantra was recited before the contemplation of Avalokitesvara. The image expression of Goryeo Water-Moon Avalokitesvara also coincides with statements found in a variety of the Avalokitesvara Vidhi scriptures translated by Amogha-vajra.

並列關鍵字

Goryeo ； Water-Moon Avalokitesvara ； Buddha Recitation ； Visualization ； Full Moon ； Iconography ； Ritual for Confession and Pardon ； Esoteric Buddhism