都市綠地鳥類是否改變了對人類干擾的容忍力？—以台北植物園為例

Do Birds in the Urban Green Area Change Their Tolerance to Human Disturbance?-A Case Study of the Taipei Botanical Garden

葛兆年(Chao-Nien Koh) ； 鄭惟仁(Wei-Jen Cheng)

《中華林學季刊》 44卷3期 (2011/09) Pp. 435-444

https://doi.org/10.30064/QJCF.201109.0010

摘要

都市綠地是鳥類棲地，也是人類休閒遊憩的空間，但人類在都市綠地活動會影響鳥類生存，故如何減輕此種影響應是都市鳥類保育之重要課題。本研究在2010年1－5月於台北植物園調查鳥類對人類干擾的容忍力，以鳥類在人類接近後的察覺距離、驚飛距離及飛離距離做為鳥類在不同人類干擾階段下的容忍力指標。同時記錄鳥類個體種類、原始高度、飛離高度、高度變化及棲地結構因子。各鳥種在各項距離測量值皆明顯不同，珠頸斑鳩最早察覺人類接近，飛離後飛得最遠及最高，而喜鵲則最早飛離。黑冠麻鷺、麻雀、珠頸斑鳩、喜鵲及虎斑地鶇等地棲型鳥類，對人類干擾的容忍力小於樹棲型鳥類。黑冠麻鷺對人類干擾的容忍力大於預期，可能因體色具保護作用，故較晚飛離；其他4種地棲型鳥類則是體重越重的鳥種對人類的容忍力越小。3種樹棲型鳥類對人類干擾的容忍力沒有差異，推測體型最大的灰樹鵲，因已產生對遊客餵食之適應行為，故提高了對人類的容忍力。黑冠麻鷺、白頭翁及麻雀在越人工化的環境對人類干擾的容忍力越大，這項結果與預期相反，反映出遊客餵食可能已影響植物園部份鳥類對人類干擾的容忍力。建議台北植物園對於遊客餵食鳥類的行為應該嚴加禁止，以免影響其行為、生理健康、族群生存，以及台北植物園其他生物的正常運作。

關鍵字

人類干擾 ； 察覺距離 ； 驚飛距離 ； 人類餵食 ； 都市 ； 鳥類

並列摘要

Urban green areas may serve not only as refuges for birds, but also as places for outdoor recreational activities for humans. However, human presence can disturb bird species with negative effects. Understanding bird tolerance to humans may be ultimately useful for reducing the negative impacts of bird-human interactions. To estimate the bird tolerance to human disturbance, we investigated detection distance, flight initiation distance, and landing distance of eight bird species in the Taipei Botanical Garden from January to May, 2010. We also recorded the species, its original height, flight height, moving height, and the habitat structure factors. Species vary their tolerance levels. For examples, Streptopelia chinensis detected the approaching people in the earliest moment and it flew the longest and the highest distances. Pica pica displaced itself in the earliest moment as people approached. Generally, the groundinhabited species had less tolerance to human disturbance than the tree-inhabited species. Gorsachius melanolophus had a higher level of tolerance to human than we expected. It might increase its tolerance according to its inconspicuous appearance. The ground-inhabited species, except Gorsachius melanolophus, increased their tolerance to human with decreased body mass; however, the tree-inhabited species did not have the tendency. We suggest that Dendrocitta formosae may habituate to human feeding and therefore may increase its tolerance to human disturbance. Gorsachius melanolophus, Pycnonotus sinensis and Passer montanus increased their tolerances to human disturbance with the increased building and paved ground covers. This result, which is contrary to our expectation, may reflect the impact of human feeding on the bird's tolerance to human disturbance. We recommend that bird feeding by visitors should be prohibited strictly in the Taipei Botanical Garden. Otherwise, it may affect the birds negatively at the individual, population and community levels.

並列關鍵字

Human disturbance ； Detection distance ； Flight initiation distance ； Human feeding ； Urban ； Bird