日本金融制度之變遷：當發展型國家不再“發展”

The Political Economy of Japan's Financial Changes: When the Developmental State is No Longer Developing

林文斌(Wen-Pin Lin)

《問題與研究》 48卷1期 (2009/03) Pp. 71-95

https://doi.org/10.30390/ISC.200903_48(1).0003

摘要

日本戰後形成的發展型國家體制被視為是1990年代「失落十年」的元兇，日本政府因此採取了眾多政治與經濟上的構造改革。本文檢視日本發展型國家體制中兩個促成日本經濟成長的重要制度如何因改革而發生變化：一是力量強大的大藏省用來保護金融界的「護送船團」金融監理制度，二是傳統上金融界相互分擔分險、銀行和企業間特殊溝通管道而形成的「主要經辦銀行制度」。不少學者認為日本發展型國家已經轉型為英美式的監理型國家，但本文發現，雖然改革後的金融監理制度可說趨向監理型國家，「主要經辦銀行制度」也因銀行和企業間的相互持股降低而日漸消逝，然而銀行與企業集團並未完全放棄雙方傳統的緊密關係，反而還想繼續維持。本文認為，日本金融制度雖然引入西方式改革，但發展型國家的傳統仍然存在。換言之，雖然日本發展型國家昔日風光已因經濟危機而消逝，但舊制度仍然抵抗著新改變，監理型國家尚未在日本成形。

關鍵字

日本經濟 ； 金融制度 ； 護送船團 ； 構造改革 ； 發展型國家 ； 監理型國家

並列摘要

The developmental state built after WWII has been blamed for Japan's ”lost decade” of the 1990s. The Japanese government takes a lot of structure reforms in politics and economics. This article examines how the two important traditional structures of Japanese developmental state that were named as the engines of postwar economic successes were transformed by reforms. The first is so called ”convoy system” financial regulation: the powerful ministry Okurasho with this system protected the financial communities. The second is the mainbank system, a product of the financial communities sharing risks with each other and special communication between banks and enterprises. Some scholars claim that the Japanese developmental state is transforming to the Anglo-American style, namely regulatory states, This article finds that the style of Japan's financial regulation tends toward a regulatory state, and the mainbank system is wearing away due to the decline of shares cross-holding between banks and enterprises. However, banks and business groups have not abandoned their traditional close relationships entirely but tries to remain. The author argues that the western style reforms have induced into Japan's financial institutions, but the legacies of developmental state are still present. In other words, currently it has not been witnessed an established regulatory state in Japan because the old institutions are resisting the new changes.

並列關鍵字

Japanese economy ； financial institution ； convoy system ； structure reform ； developmental state ； regulatory state

參考文獻

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