「漁捕實體」概念在區域漁業管理組織實踐之研究：以我國已成為會員之組織為例

Analysis on the Practice of 'Fishing Entities' Concept in Regional Fisheries Management Organizations: Special References on Organizations that Taiwan Has Become Members

魏仲伶(Chung-Ling Wei) ； 高世明(Shih-Ming Kao)

《問題與研究》 60卷4期 (2021/12) Pp. 61-106

https://doi.org/10.30390/ISC.202112_60(4).0002

摘要

我國身為遠洋漁捕大國，但受限於國家身分不被聯合國及大多數國家承認，無法參與或加入大多數的國際組織，包括區域漁業管理組織在內。為此，「1995年聯合國魚群協定」遂創造了「漁捕實體」一詞，為我國開啟參與國際組織的一個機會之窗。雖是如此，我國以「漁捕實體」之身分參與區域漁業管理組織所適用之程序及享有之權利，在不同組織與不同時期均有所差異。在早期中西太平洋漁業委員會（WCPFC）及美洲熱帶鮪類委員會（IATTC）中，「漁捕實體」所適用之程序及享有之權利幾乎與國家之「締約方」相當。然而，在近期成為會員之組織中，我國在北太平洋漁業委員會（NPFC）雖然在美國力助下，勉強維持與WCPFC一樣的水準，但在南太平洋區域漁業管理組織（SPRFMO）中，「漁捕實體」所適用之程序與享有之權利則很明顯地不如前面三個組織。除了在協商過程中只能以「特別觀察員」之地位與會外，「公海登檢」之條款也只適用於締約方而不包括漁捕實體。由此觀之，漁捕實體在區域漁業管理組織內所適用之程序及享有的權利在近期似乎越來越受到限縮，也與締約方間漸行漸遠。對身為漁捕大國的我國而言，此一發展勢必影響我國未來參與新的RFMOs時所享有之權利，值得政府高度關注。

關鍵字

臺灣 ； 漁捕實體 ； 締約方 ； 區域漁業管理組織 ； 1995年聯合國魚群協定

並列摘要

As one of the distant water fishing nations (DWFNs) in the world, Taiwan is not able to participate in or access the works of many international organizations, including regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs), due to the fact that Taiwan's statehood is not recognized by the United Nations and most States. The term ＂Fishing Entities＂ was created in the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA), in which it has also opened a window of opportunity for Taiwan in the participation of international organizations. However, both procedures applicable to and rights enjoyed by Taiwan under the capacity of a ＂Fishing Entity＂ vary in different time periods and RFMOs. After analysis, in the early stage procedures applied to and rights enjoyed by a Fishing Entity and a Contracting Party are almost the same in the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) and the Inter-American Tropic Tuna Commission (IATTC). However, in RFMOs that Taiwan has just recently become Members, Taiwan continues to enjoy rights and procedures similar to those of WCPFC in the North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC) because of the strong assistance from the United States. But in the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (SPRFMO), procedures applied to and rights enjoyed by a Fishing Entity are significantly less and restricted than those in the previous three organizations. In addition, Taiwan was only allowed to participate as a ＂Special Observer＂ when negotiating in the SPRFMO Convention, in which high seas boarding and inspection (HSBI) procedures also only apply to Contracting Parties. In conclusion, procedures applied to and rights enjoyed by Fishing Entity in RFMOs seem more and more restricted recently, and the gap between a Fishing Entity and a Contracting Party gradually moves further apart. As a strong DWFN, such developmental tendency will inevitably affect rights enjoyed by Taiwan when participating in new RFMOs in the future, and should thus be worthy of continued attention.

並列關鍵字

Taiwan ； Fishing Entities ； Contracting Parties ； Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) ； 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA)

參考文獻

行政院農委會漁業署，2019，〈中華民國漁業簡介〉，https://www.fa.gov.tw/upload/174/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B.pdf，查閱時間：2020/02/03。Fisheries Agency, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. 2019. “Zhong Hua Min Guo yu ye jian jie” [Fisheries of the Republic of China]. (Accessed on February 3, 2020).

李艾芃，2005，〈第26屆COFI會議對深海漁業之探討〉，《國際漁業資訊》，150：60-64。Li, Ai-peng. 2005. “Di 26 jie COFI hui yi dui shen hai yu ye zhi tan tao.” [Discussions on the Deep Seas Fisheries in the 26th COFI Meeting.] Integration of The World Fishery Information, 150: 60-64.

何勝初，2010，〈我國將成為南太平洋公海漁業管理組織之會員〉，《國際漁業資訊》，206：150-152。Ho, Peter S. C. 2010. “Wo guo jiang cheng wei nan tai ping yang gong hai yu ye guan li zu zhi zhi hui yuan” [Taiwan Will Become a Member of South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization]. Integration of the World Fishery Information, 206: 150-152.

林建男，2009，〈我國參加「南太平洋區域性漁業管理組織」(SPRFMO)第8屆籌備會議斬獲〉，https://www.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=20761，查閱時間：2020/02/15。Lin, Chien-nan. 2009. “Wo guo can jia ‘Nan Tai Ping Yang qu yu xing yu ye guan li zu zhi’ (SPRFMO) Di 8 Jie Chou Bei Hui Yi Zhan Huo”[Gains of Taiwan in Participating the 8th Preparatory Conference of the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization]. (Accessed on February 15, 2020).

姜皇池，2005，〈臺灣參與國際漁業組織:國家地位與實際利益間之衡量〉，《臺灣國際法季刊》，2 (1)：81。Chiang, Huang-chih. 2005. “Taiwan can yu guo ji yu ye zu zhi :guo jia di wei yu shi ji li yi jian zhi heng liang”[On Taiwan’s Participation in Regional Fisheries Organizations: A Dilemma between Substantive Fishing Interest and Independent Statehood]. Taiwan International Law Quarterly, 2 (1): 81.