偶然性與事實性－海德格《存有與時間》的“此在”分析

本文主要探討海德格《存有與時間》之「偶然性」及「事實性」概念。後者表明「此在」既成限定的生存處境，而前者則指向「此在」開放未知的可能性；此二者分別代表人類個體之實存與存有之方式。海德格在「事實性」概念中包括了對「被拋擲」及「陷落」等現象之描述，而在「偶然性／可能性」概念中則提出「籌畫」及「抉擇決斷」等觀點。人類的生活，正是從已成事實的限制條件，朝向未知的開放性走去；亦即人類所有的活動就介於「事實性」跟「偶然性」之間。此過程仍然涉及「此在」跟「他者」的互動與共同的遭遇，顯示「此在」本身的有限性。

關鍵字

偶然性；事實性；可能性；有限性；命運

並列摘要

This paper tries to examine Heidegger's concept of ”contingency” and ”facticity” in Being and Time. The latter manifests the given situations of existence, while the former refers to the open and unknown possibilities. They signify the mode of factual existence and that of existential living of human individual respectively. Heidegger describes the ”thrownness” and ”falling” under the concept of ”facticity”, and advances the ”project” and ”resolving/resoluteness” under the concept of ”contingency/possibility”. Human life begins with the actual restricting conditions and it points toward the unknown openness. That is to say, every human activity lies between facticity and contingency. This process still involves the interaction between the ”Dasein” and the ”Other” as well as the common fate which reveals the finitude of human individual.