陸世儀之「居敬」思想探析

陸世儀（一六一一年至一六七二年）繼承朱子學，以道德人格的完善作為人生的終極關懷與追求，其學說特點是重躬行、尚體悟。居敬作為一種方法、一種工夫、一種手段，對其理解預設了身心的體驗。靜存動察以治心並使心顯露天理，進而將此天理貫徹到行為上，來成就種種人事，這是陸世儀居敬論的一個基本特色，其路線是下學上達，其目的在於與天合德，其內容是倫理的，其態度則帶有宗教般的修持色彩。本文以陸世儀居敬方面的相關論說為考察對象，引申觸類並加以辨析疏解，以求在此基礎上能對其居敬思想作一整體考察。

關鍵字

陸世儀；居敬；靜存動察；下學上達；道德人格

並列摘要

Lu Shiyi, who follows and benefits greatly from Zhu Zi's Philosophy, regards the perfectness of moral characters as what really matters to human life as well as to individual pursuits. The features of his study can be simply boiled down to cultivating practical manifestation and being aware of inexplicit knowledge. Holding fast to seriousness, as a way, a practical demonstration and a means, has itself come to be understood in terms of mind-body experiences. Both the reverential feeling of the moral necessity and acquiring principles of moral knowledge aim to enlighten the agent's mind and make it being in accordance with the principles of the heaven, which, once the work of the enlightenment of the mind is done, is naturally represented in the agent's corresponding behavior for achieving a variety of personal and public affairs. This is a fundamental feature of Lu Shiyi's thought of holding fast to seriousness. The approach of his doctrine of it is about learning knowledge in the low while its penetration can reach the high. The objective of it consists in realizing and observing the virtues of the heaven. The content and the attitude of it are filled with ethical concern and religious implication. In this paper, I aim to explore Lu Shiyi's thought with respect to holding a reverential feeling of the moral necessity. I will examine and analyze the details of his argument, and, on the basis of the examination and analysis, give an overall explanation of his thought of holding the reverential feeling.