After Taiwan became the first colony of Japan, the colonial government made efforts to improve sugarcane cultivation and to promote the productivity of the sugar industry. This paper applies the stochastic frontier production model to estimate the technical efficiency of sugarcane production and attempts to examine the determinants of technical efficiency during the Japanese colonial period, from 1926 to 1928. The empirical results indicate that the sugarcane farms with constant return of scale fits better with the Translog function, and fertilizer is a major determinant in sugarcane production. The technical efficiencies for the farmers range from 0.21 to 0.94, with a mean of 0.69. Also, factors that make significant impacts on the production efficiency are land tenure systems, regional differences, irrigation systems, cultivation periods, cropping distance and the ratio of family labors to total labors.